{"id":1003,"date":"2012-02-15T17:03:05","date_gmt":"2012-02-15T15:03:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=1003"},"modified":"2016-12-26T00:45:43","modified_gmt":"2016-12-25T22:45:43","slug":"lokomotifi-kim-buldu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=1003","title":{"rendered":"Lokomotif’i kim buldu"},"content":{"rendered":"

Lokomotif\u00a0 demir raylar \u00fczerinde vagonlar\u0131 hareket ettiren b\u00fcy\u00fck makinad\u0131r. Yap\u0131 ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u015fekillerine g\u00f6re \u00e7e\u015fitli lokomotifler vard\u0131r. \u0130lk Buharl\u0131 Lokomotif Richard Trevithick<\/strong> adl\u0131 m\u00fchendis taraf\u0131nda yap\u0131ld\u0131 ve 6 \u015fubat 1804 tarihinde Galler’de Merthyt Tydfil yak\u0131lar\u0131nda Pennydarren demir yolunda denendi.\u00a0A\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 10 ton olup, saatte 8 km h\u0131z yapabiliyordu.<\/p>\n

1829 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ngiliz Stephenson, o\u011flu ile birlikte \u201cRocket\u201d isimli lokomotifi yapt\u0131lar. D\u00f6rt ton a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki lokomotif, saatte 21,5 km h\u0131zla zaman\u0131n en iyi lokomotifi se\u00e7ildi. G\u00fcc\u00fc 20 beygir g\u00fcc\u00fcnde idi. Yine \u0130ngiliz yap\u0131s\u0131 \u201cStourbridge Lion\u201d 1829 y\u0131l\u0131nda Amerika\u2019ya g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. 1830 y\u0131l\u0131nda, \u00f6nce \u201cTom Thumb\u201d isimli k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck lokomotif, daha sonra \u201cBest Friend of Charleston\u201d isimli lokomotifler yap\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130ngiliz yap\u0131s\u0131 \u201cJon Bull\u201d isimli lokomotif Amerika\u2019da me\u015fhur oldu. 1850\u2019li y\u0131llarda, 4-4-0 tipi lokomotifler Amerika\u2019da \u00fcretildi.<\/p>\n

1893 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130sve\u00e7li Anotole Mallet, bir model geli\u015ftirdi. Mallet modeli 1904 y\u0131l\u0131nda Amerika\u2019da uygulanmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn bir\u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck buharl\u0131 lokomotifleri, bu model geli\u015ftirilerek yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn kullan\u0131lan birka\u00e7 lokomotif tipinin isimleri \u015funlard\u0131r: Atlantic, Pasific, Mikado, Mogul, Mountain Northern, Hudson. Her tip lokomotif, Whyte sistemi ile rakamlarla ifade edilir. Bu sisteme
\ng\u00f6re tipi anlatan \u00fc\u00e7 rakamdan ortadaki, \u00e7ekme motoruna ba\u011fl\u0131 tekerleklerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131; sol kenardaki rakam, y\u00f6n tekerlekleri say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131; sa\u011f kenardaki rakam arkadaki izleyici tekerlek say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Hudson tipi lokomotifleri 4-6-4 tipindedirler. Buharl\u0131 lokomotifler, y\u00fck ve yolcu ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131rlar. A\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 200-350 ton aras\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Elektrikli lokomotifler, 1851\u2019de ilk defa Amerika\u2019da yap\u0131ld\u0131. 1895\u2019de i\u015fletmeye a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Bir merkez jenerat\u00f6r\u00fcnden sa\u011flanan elektrikle \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar. Elektrik aktarma i\u015fi ray boyunca yerle\u015ftirilen bir havai hattan veya \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir raydan al\u0131n\u0131r. Hava\u00ee hattan al\u0131n\u0131rken lokomotifin \u00fczerindeki pentagraf ad\u0131 verilen \u00e2letle, raydan ise iletken bir f\u0131r\u00e7a ile al\u0131n\u0131r. Al\u0131nan elektrik, tek fazl\u0131 AC olup, redres\u00f6rlerle\u00a0 DC ak\u0131m\u0131na \u00e7evrilerek lokomotifin \u00e7ekme motorlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. D\u00fczeltici olarak \u0130gnitron d\u00fczelticiler kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Dizel tahrikli elektrikli lokomotifler, ilk defa 1896 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere\u2019de, 1897 y\u0131l\u0131nda Almanya\u2019da yap\u0131ld\u0131. 1913 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130sve\u00e7\u2019te kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Amerika\u2019da 1934 y\u0131l\u0131nda yolcu ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, 1946 y\u0131l\u0131nda da y\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n

Gaz t\u00fcrbinli lokomotifler, \u0130lk defa 1948 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Daha sonra 1958 y\u0131l\u0131nda iki birimi birlikte yolcu ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. G\u00fcc\u00fc 8300 hp\u2019ye ula\u015ft\u0131. Binlerce tonluk y\u00fck\u00fc saatte 100 km\u2019den fazla h\u0131zla \u00e7ekebilecek g\u00fcce sahiptir.<\/p>\n

Teknik bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ileri \u00fclkelerde gerek dizel, gerekse elektrikli lokomotiflerin geli\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7aba harcanmaktad\u0131r. Saatte 400 km h\u0131z yapan elektrikli trenler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Trenlerde h\u0131z\u0131, lokomotifi ve demir yollar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczg\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ber\u00e2ber artt\u0131r\u0131r. \u0130ngilizlerin APT h\u0131zl\u0131 trenleri, saatte 250 km h\u0131z yaparlar. Japonlar\u0131n Tokyo\u2019dan kuzeye do\u011fru sefer yapan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc elektrik motorlar\u0131na sahip trenleri
\nsaatte 260 km h\u0131z yapmaktad\u0131r. Bu trenlere kur\u015fun trenler (bullet trains) denmektedir. Frans\u0131zlar\u0131n jet motorlar\u0131 kullanarak yapt\u0131klar\u0131 Aerotrain hava yast\u0131kl\u0131 ray sistemine s\u00e2hib olup, tecr\u00fcbe esnas\u0131nda saatte 400 km h\u0131z yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. ABD\u2019de Montrail sistemi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 devam etmektedir. Tekerleksiz, hava yast\u0131kl\u0131 ve s\u00fcper iletken (s\u0131f\u0131r diren\u00e7i iletken) kullan\u0131larak yap\u0131lan \u00f6zel motorlarda Montrail\u00a0 trenlerinin saatte 800 km h\u0131z yapabilece\u011fi hesaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Lokomotif\u00a0 demir raylar \u00fczerinde vagonlar\u0131 hareket ettiren b\u00fcy\u00fck makinad\u0131r. Yap\u0131 ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u015fekillerine g\u00f6re \u00e7e\u015fitli lokomotifler vard\u0131r. \u0130lk Buharl\u0131 Lokomotif Richard Trevithick adl\u0131 m\u00fchendis taraf\u0131nda yap\u0131ld\u0131 ve 6 \u015fubat 1804…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[599,969,968],"class_list":["post-1003","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-gezi","tag-lokomotif","tag-tren","tag-vagon"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1003"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1003"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1003\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7215,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1003\/revisions\/7215"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1003"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1003"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1003"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}