Alt\u0131n, kimyasal simgesi Au, (Latince parlak \u015fafak anlam\u0131ndaki aurum’dan gelir), antik \u00e7a\u011flardan beri m\u00fccevher, para, heykel, kap yap\u0131m\u0131nda, binalarda, an\u0131tlarda ve heykellerde dekorasyon ama\u00e7l\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lan de\u011ferli bir metaldir.\u00a0Alt\u0131n paslanmaz ve bu nedenle bir\u00e7ok eski k\u00fclt\u00fcrde \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ve g\u00fcc\u00fcn simgesi haline geldi. Nadir ve estetik nitelikleri onu, egemen s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7 ve konumlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermesi i\u00e7in ideal bir materyal haline getirdi.<\/p>\n
Alt\u0131n binlerce y\u0131ld\u0131r benzersiz bir stat\u00fcye sahiptir ve de\u011ferli bir maden olarak \u00e7ok uzun bir tarihe sahiptir.\u00a0Paleolitik \u00e7a\u011fdan Eski M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lara ve oradan modern zamanlara kadar, insanl\u0131k tarihinde<\/a>, alt\u0131n kadar etkili bir rol oynam\u0131\u015f \u00e7ok az maden vard\u0131r.\u00a0Alt\u0131n ilk kez do\u011fal haliyle d\u00fcnyadaki akarsular\u0131n i\u00e7inde modern insan\u0131n atalar\u0131ndan olan ilk hominidler taraf\u0131ndan ke\u015ffedildi.\u00a0 Alt\u0131n par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131n M.\u00d6. 40.000’li y\u0131llara kadar uzanan Paleolitik ma\u011faralarda bulundu\u011fu bir ger\u00e7ektir.<\/p>\n Alt\u0131n insanl\u0131k k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu. \u0130nsanlar bu madenin \u00fczerinde; parlakl\u0131\u011f\u0131, do\u011fal g\u00fczelli\u011fi ve m\u00fckemmel rengi, paslanmaya, kirlenmeye kar\u015f\u0131 direnci nedeniyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktan ve sahip olmaktan keyif ald\u0131.\u00a0Alt\u0131n jeolojik olarak d\u00fcnyada yayg\u0131n bir \u015fekilde da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fundan, ke\u015ffi bir\u00e7ok farkl\u0131 yerde bir\u00e7ok farkl\u0131 grupta ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti.<\/p>\n \u0130lk \u00f6nce Lydia’daki Pactolus gibi K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya’daki nehirlerin yak\u0131n\u0131nda y\u00fczey seviyesinde bulunan alt\u0131n, M.\u00d6. 2000’den itibaren M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan, daha sonra Afrika, Portekiz ve \u0130spanya’daki Romal\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan yeralt\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. Romal\u0131lar\u0131n demir piritleri gibi cevherlerden alt\u0131n par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 kestiklerine dair kan\u0131tlar da bulunmaktad\u0131r. G\u00fcc\u00fc ve rengini de\u011fi\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in kolayca i\u015flenmi\u015f, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ve bak\u0131r gibi di\u011fer metallerle kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan alt\u0131n, \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli ama\u00e7lar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u00c7o\u011fu antik k\u00fclt\u00fcrde alt\u0131n de\u011ferli olmas\u0131, estetik nitelikleri, \u015fekillendirilebilirlik ve yumu\u015fakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle m\u00fccevherat ve sanatta \u00e7ok kullan\u0131ld\u0131. M.\u00d6. 5000’den M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan m\u00fccevheratta Electrum (alt\u0131n ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn do\u011fal ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131) kullan\u0131ld\u0131. M.\u00d6. 3000 y\u0131llar\u0131nda S\u00fcmer uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hem erkek hem de kad\u0131nlar taraf\u0131ndan alt\u0131n tak\u0131lar giyildi, alt\u0131n zincirler M.\u00d6. 2500 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ur kentinde \u00fcretilirdi. M.\u00d6. 2. biny\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda Girit’teki Mino uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ilk kablo zincir alt\u0131n tak\u0131 \u00fcretmi yap\u0131ld\u0131 ve Minoanlar geni\u015f bir yelpazede \u00e7e\u015fitli teknikler kullanarak \u00e7ok say\u0131da kuyumcu malzemesi yapt\u0131. Alt\u0131n tak\u0131lar kolye, bilezik, k\u00fcpeler, y\u00fcz\u00fckler, ta\u015flar, kolye, i\u011fne ve bro\u015f \u015feklini ald\u0131. Alt\u0131nlar\u0131n tele \u00e7ekildi\u011fi ve farkl\u0131 desenlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc telkari (M.\u00d6. 2500’dan beri M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan bilinen bir teknik), d\u00f6v\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ince \u015fekiller, gran\u00fclasyon (k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, lehimlenmi\u015f alt\u0131n zerreciklerle y\u00fczey dekorasyonu), kabartma, kakma teknikleri ve \u015fekilleri , d\u00f6\u015feme, kal\u0131plama ve grav\u00fcr gibi bir \u00e7ok alt\u0131n i\u015fleme metodu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Alt\u0131n benzer \u015fekilde G\u00fcney Amerika’da, M.\u00d6. 1200 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Peru’nun Chavin uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda i\u015flendi. Alt\u0131n d\u00f6k\u00fcm, M.\u00d6. 500’den itibaren Nazca toplumu taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131ld\u0131. Romal\u0131lar alt\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczzerine de\u011ferli ve yar\u0131 de\u011ferli ta\u015flar yerle\u015ftirdiler. Bizans d\u00f6neminde inciler, ta\u015flar ve emayeler kullan\u0131lan bir alt\u0131n modas\u0131 devam etti.<\/p>\n Alt\u0131n, M.\u00d6. 8. yy’\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya’da madalyon olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u015eekli d\u00fczensiz ve \u00e7o\u011funlukla bir taraf\u0131 damgalanm\u0131\u015f olan madalyonlar genellikle electrumdan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Damgal\u0131 fig\u00fcrlere sahip ilk saf alt\u0131n sikkeler, M.\u00d6. 561-546 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Lydia Kral\u0131 Croesus’a taraf\u0131ndan yapt\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ve ba\u015fkent Sardis’de \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f bir alt\u0131n rafinerisi kuruldu. En saf do\u011fal olarak bulunan alt\u0131n bile % 5 g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f i\u00e7erebilir, ancak Lydial\u0131lar 600-800 \u00b0 C aras\u0131ndaki tuz ve f\u0131r\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak alt\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 rafine etmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131lar. Tuz, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fle kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda alt\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011fini\u00a0garanti alt\u0131na alan\u00a0 standartla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir tak\u0131 yap\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilecek saf alt\u0131n b\u0131rakan bir g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f klorid buhar\u0131 olu\u015ftururi bu i\u015flem g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f\u00fc alt\u0131ndan ay\u0131r\u0131r ve saf alt\u0131n elde edilmesini sa\u011flar. Miken uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131, daha sonra Yunan ve Roma \u0130mparatorluklar\u0131 gibi yayg\u0131n olarak alt\u0131n paralar kulland\u0131. Antik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n en \u00fcnl\u00fc alt\u0131n sikkelerinden biri Roma bezant\u0131 oldu. \u0130mparator Konstantin d\u00f6neminde ilk \u00f6nce 70 Troy tah\u0131l\u0131na 1 bezant \u00f6deniyordu. 4. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan 12. y\u00fczy\u0131llara kadar olan d\u00f6nemde alt\u0131n para birimi olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n Kat\u0131 alt\u0131n\u0131n de\u011feri ve g\u00fczelli\u011fi, kronlar, kutular, sembolik heykeller, \u015farap<\/a> kadehleri ve adak sunular\u0131 gibi \u00f6nemli siyasi ve dini nesneler i\u00e7in alt\u0131n\u0131 ideal bir malzeme yapt\u0131. Alt\u0131n e\u015fyalar bazen \u00f6lenlerin stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn sembol\u00fc olarak bedenleriyle birlikte g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc. B\u00f6yle ender ve de\u011ferli bir malzeme, g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpan ve kesinlikle etkilemek \u00fczere tasarlanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekirdi. Buna en \u00fcnl\u00fc \u00f6rnek, Agamemnon’un Mycenae’de bulunan maskesi. Peru’daki \u0130nka uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda alt\u0131n, g\u00fcne\u015f tanr\u0131s\u0131 Inti’nin teri olarak kabul edildi. Bu nedenle, dini \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yan, \u00f6zellikle de maskeler ve g\u00fcne\u015f madalyonlar\u0131 gibi her t\u00fcrl\u00fc nesneyi \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Eski Kolombiya’da benzer bir \u015fekilde alt\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0 parlakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve g\u00fcne\u015fle olan ili\u015fkisine sayg\u0131 duyuldu ve toz haliyle El Dorado efsanesini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirecek gelece\u011fin kral\u0131n\u0131n ta\u00e7 giyme t\u00f6reninde, kral\u0131n bedeni toz alt\u0131nla kaplan\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n M\u0131s\u0131r d\u00f6neminde t\u00fcrbe, tap\u0131nak, mezar, lahit, heykel, s\u00fcsleme silahlar\u0131 ve z\u0131rh, seramik, cam ve m\u00fccevher dekorasyonu i\u00e7in alt\u0131n yapraklar ve alt\u0131n tabakalar dekoratif bir kaplama olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Antik \u00e7a\u011flardan kalma alt\u0131n yapra\u011f\u0131n\u0131n belki de en \u00fcnl\u00fc \u00f6rne\u011fi, Kral Tutankhamun’un \u00f6l\u00fcm maskesidir.<\/p>\n Alt\u0131n, yumu\u015fakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bozulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile 3000 y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n s\u00fcredir di\u015f\u00e7ilikte de kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. 7. y\u00fczy\u0131lda M.\u00d6. Etr\u00fcskler yerinde hayvan di\u015flerini yerine koymak i\u00e7in alt\u0131n tel kulland\u0131lar. Alt\u0131n iplik olarak da kuma\u015flara dokunmu\u015ftur. Alt\u0131n ayn\u0131 zamanda t\u0131pta da kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r, \u00f6rne\u011fin, M.\u00d6. 1. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Pliny, sihirli iksirler sonucu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan yaralar\u0131 iyile\u015fitirmek i\u00e7in alt\u0131nlar\u0131n yaralar\u0131n \u00fczerine uygulanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini \u00f6nermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Alt\u0131n\u0131n orijinalli\u011fi konusundaki endi\u015feler, M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar\u0131n M.\u00d6. 1500 y\u0131llar\u0131nda alt\u0131n safl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirlemek i\u00e7in bir y\u00f6ntem geli\u015ftirmelerine yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Bu y\u00f6ntem yang\u0131n deneyi olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Test edilecek malzemenin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir numunesini al\u0131p bir miktarda kur\u015fun ile bir kap i\u00e7inde yakarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir. Kemik k\u00fcl\u00fcnden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan kap, yanma s\u0131ras\u0131nda kur\u015fun ve di\u011fer baz metalleri emer ve geriye sadece alt\u0131n ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f kal\u0131r. G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, nitrik asit kullan\u0131larak alt\u0131ndan ayr\u0131l\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ve geri kalan saf alt\u0131n tart\u0131l\u0131r ve pi\u015firmeden \u00f6nceki a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Ar\u015fimet<\/a> ayr\u0131ca, alt\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcl a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, ana metallerin y\u00fczde i\u00e7eri\u011fine, \u00f6rne\u011fin saf alt\u0131n\u0131n, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn iki kat daha a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131na sahip oldu\u011funa g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fti\u011finin fark\u0131ndayd\u0131.<\/p>\n Alt\u0131n, y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca onu simya yoluyla \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli giri\u015fimlerde bulunulmu\u015ftur – yani felsefe ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak temel metallerin alt\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcd\u00fcr (lapis philosophorum). \u0130lk giri\u015fimler \u00c7in’de M.\u00d6. 4. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ve ayr\u0131ca eski Yunan’da yap\u0131ld\u0131 ve ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen yine de\u00a0 etkinlik modern kimyan\u0131n temellerini att\u0131.<\/p>\n Alt\u0131n, insan t\u00fcrleri taraf\u0131ndan bilinen ilk metaldi. Teknolojinin tarihsel geli\u015fimini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrken, t\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn ekonomik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ilerlemesine en b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131 verenin demir ve bak\u0131r \u00fcretiminin geli\u015fimini olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcr – ancak alt\u0131n onlardan daha \u00f6nceliklidir.<\/p>\n Alt\u0131n metallerin i\u00e7inde \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in en kolay olan\u0131d\u0131r. Di\u011ferin metaller \u00e7o\u011fu eritme i\u015fleminde zorluk \u00e7\u0131karan cevheri b\u00fcnyelerinde bulunduruken, alt\u0131n hemen hemen saf ve her \u015fekle uygulanabilir bir durumda bulunur. Alt\u0131n’\u0131n ilk kullan\u0131mlar\u0131 \u015f\u00fcphesiz s\u00fcs e\u015fyalar\u0131ndayd\u0131.\u00a0\u0130lk uygarl\u0131klarda parlakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kal\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 (zaslanmaz ve zedelenmez) nedeniyle tanr\u0131larla, krallarla ve \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fckle ili\u015fkilendiriliyordu.<\/p>\n \u0130nsanlar neredeyse sezgisel olarak, g\u00fc\u00e7, g\u00fczellik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel elitizm ile alt\u0131n\u0131 e\u015fle\u015ftirdi ve alt\u0131na y\u00fcksek bir de\u011fer verdiler.\u00a0Alt\u0131n, g\u00fczellik ve g\u00fc\u00e7 hep birlikte an\u0131ld\u0131. Antik \u00e7a\u011flarda alt\u0131n, tap\u0131naklara, putlara, tabaklara, bardaklara, vazolara ve her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ki\u015fisel s\u00fcsleme i\u00e7in m\u00fccevherata d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Alt\u0131n, kimyasal simgesi Au, (Latince parlak \u015fafak anlam\u0131ndaki aurum’dan gelir), antik \u00e7a\u011flardan beri m\u00fccevher, para, heykel, kap yap\u0131m\u0131nda, binalarda, an\u0131tlarda ve heykellerde dekorasyon ama\u00e7l\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lan de\u011ferli bir metaldir.\u00a0Alt\u0131n paslanmaz…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10261,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[317],"tags":[1093],"class_list":["post-10257","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-is-dunyasi","tag-altin"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10257"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=10257"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10257\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11689,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10257\/revisions\/11689"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/10261"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=10257"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=10257"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=10257"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}M\u00fccevher olarak Alt\u0131n<\/h3>\n
Para<\/a> Birimi olarak Alt\u0131n<\/h3>\n
Dini Semboller ve Di\u011fer Kullan\u0131mlar\u0131<\/h3>\n
Alt\u0131n\u0131n S\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmas\u0131 ve De\u011ferlendirilmesi<\/h3>\n