{"id":10700,"date":"2018-01-18T20:55:39","date_gmt":"2018-01-18T18:55:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=10700"},"modified":"2018-03-08T12:31:09","modified_gmt":"2018-03-08T10:31:09","slug":"icatlar-t","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=10700","title":{"rendered":"A’dan Z’ye \u0130catlar – T harfi ile ba\u015flayan icatlar"},"content":{"rendered":"

Telefon<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Alexander Graham Bell (Mart 3, 1847, Edinburgh, \u0130sko\u00e7ya – 2 A\u011fustos 1922, Baddek, Nova Scotia) 1876 y\u0131l\u0131nda\u00a0Thomas Watson’la birlikte telefonunu icat etti. Bell ayr\u0131ca Thomas Edison’un icatlar\u0131ndan<\/a> fonograf\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirdi. Bell, \u00e7oklu telgraf\u0131 (1875), foto-duyarl\u0131 selenyum h\u00fccresini (fotofon, Sumner Tainter ile geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f bir kablosuz telefon) ve sa\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131n konu\u015fmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik yeni teknikleri icat etti. 1882’de Bell ve kay\u0131nbiraderi Gardiner Hubbard, “Science” dergisini sat\u0131n ald\u0131 ve yeniden organize etti. Bell, Hubbard ve di\u011ferleri National Geographic Society’yi 1888 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurdu; Bell, 1898-1903 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda National Geographic Society’nin ba\u015fkan\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Telgraf<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Samuel Finley Breese Morse<\/a> (1791-1872) bir Amerikan mucit ve ressamd\u0131. Morse<\/a>, ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir ressaml\u0131k kariyerinden sonra ilk telgraf\u0131 1835 y\u0131l\u0131nda icat etti. (telgraf Avrupa’da da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak geli\u015ftirildi).<\/p>\n

Bir telgraf<\/a> teller vas\u0131tas\u0131yla uzun mesafelere elektrik<\/a> sinyalleri g\u00f6nderir. Joseph Henry (1797-1878), 1830’da ilk uzun menzilli telgraf cihaz\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131. Bir tel \u00fczerinden elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131 g\u00f6ndererek, elektrom\u0131knat\u0131s\u0131n devreye girmesi ile bir zilin \u00e7almas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Morse, i\u015f ortaklar\u0131ndan Leonard Gale<\/strong> ve Alfred Vail<\/strong>‘in yard\u0131m\u0131yla 1837’de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir telgraf makinesi patenti ald\u0131. Morse alfabede yer alan harfler ve say\u0131lar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak nokta ve \u00e7izgilerden olu\u015fan bir kod sistemi icat etti. (Mors Kodu daha sonra noktalar, \u00e7izgiler ve bo\u015fluklar kullanmak \u00fczere geli\u015ftirildi: \u00f6rne\u011fin E, nokta T, \u00e7izgi \u00e7izgi, A noktal\u0131 \u00e7izgi, N \u00e7izgi \u00e7izgi, O \u00e7izgi \u00e7izgi \u00e7izgi, ben nokta nokta, S nokta nokta nokta, vb.). 1838 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde, Morse dakikada 10 kelime g\u00f6nderdi. Kongre, Washington D.C. ile Baltimore, Maryland aras\u0131nda bir telgraf hatt\u0131 kurmak i\u00e7in 1843 y\u0131l\u0131nda finansman sa\u011flad\u0131. Morse, 24 May\u0131s 1844’te ilk telgraf mesaj\u0131n\u0131 (Washington D.C’den Baltimore’a g\u00f6nderdi); mesaj\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yleydi: “Tanr\u0131 ne yapt\u0131?” Telgraf, uzak mesafe ileti\u015fim sistemlerinde devrim yaratt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Teleskop\u00a0 – Yans\u0131tmal\u0131 Teleskop<\/strong><\/p>\n

John Hadley (1682-1744), ilk yans\u0131tmal\u0131 teleskopu in\u015fa eden ve 1731’de (Hadley’in kadran\u0131 olarak bilinen) geli\u015fmi\u015f bir Oktant icat eden \u0130ngiliz bir matematik\u00e7i ve mucittir. Ay\u0131n y\u00fczeyinde uzun bir vadi olan Hadley Rille vadisine ad\u0131 verildi.<\/p>\n

Termometre<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Termometre Galileo Galilei<\/a> taraf\u0131ndan 1593 y\u0131l\u0131nda icat edildi. Termometresi cam ampul ve sudan olu\u015fuyordu; s\u0131cakl\u0131k de\u011fi\u015ftik\u00e7e ampul\u00fcn i\u00e7inde bulunan su yukar\u0131 ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 hareket ediyordu.<\/p>\n

Kapal\u0131 termometre 1641 y\u0131l\u0131nda Grand Duke Ferdinand II taraf\u0131ndan icat edildi. Suyun donma noktas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok alt\u0131nda donan alkol i\u00e7eren bir cam t\u00fcp kulland\u0131 (alkol -175 \u00b0 F = -115 \u00b0 C’de donar). Hava bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131n etkisini d\u0131\u015flamak i\u00e7in boruyu m\u00fch\u00fcrledi.<\/p>\n

Daha sonra alkol yerine civa kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Alman fizik\u00e7i Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) 1714’de civan\u0131n termometrenin t\u00fcp\u00fcne yap\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyen kimyasal bir sol\u00fcsyon kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1724’te Fahrenheit ayr\u0131ca termometre \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fini geni\u015fletti; \u00d6l\u00e7ekte, kaynar suyun s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 212 \u00b0 F ve suyun donma noktas\u0131 32 \u00b0 F’dir.<\/p>\n

Anders Celsius (1701-1744), Celsius termometreyi tasarlayan \u0130sve\u00e7li bir astronomi profes\u00f6r\u00fcd\u00fcr. Ayr\u0131ca, g\u00fcney yar\u0131mk\u00fcrede yap\u0131lan benzer \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rarak kutup yak\u0131n\u0131nda, bir meridyende bir derecenin uzunlu\u011funu \u00f6l\u00e7mek i\u00e7in \u0130sve\u00e7’in en kuzeyine kadar bir ke\u015fif gezisi d\u00fczenledi. Bu, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u015feklinin kutuplarda d\u00fczle\u015ftirilmi\u015f bir elipsoid oldu\u011funu do\u011frulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca 300 y\u0131ld\u0131z kataloglad\u0131. Celsius asistan\u0131 Olof Hiorter ile birlikte Kutup \u0131\u015f\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n manyetik temelimi ke\u015ffetti.<\/p>\n

Lord Kelvin (William Thomson, 1824 – 1907), 0 K’n\u0131n mutlak s\u0131f\u0131r olarak tan\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bir derece b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn bir derece Celsius’un boyutuyla ayn\u0131 oldu\u011fu Kelvin \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fini tasarlad\u0131. Su 273.16 K’da donar; su, 373.16 K’de kaynar.<\/p>\n

Trafik Lambalar\u0131<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Garrett Augustus Morgan (4 Mart 1877 – 27 A\u011fustos 1963), bir Afrikal\u0131-Amerikal\u0131 mucit ve i\u015fadam\u0131 idi. Bir trafik sinyalizasyon sistemi patenti alan ilk ki\u015fi oldu. Ayr\u0131ca gaz maskesini (ve di\u011fer bir\u00e7ok bulu\u015f) geli\u015ftirdi. Morgan\u0131n gaz maskesi madende yeralt\u0131na s\u0131k\u0131\u015fan madencileri zararl\u0131 gazlardan korumak ve kurtarmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131. K\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra, Morgan’dan ABD Ordusu i\u00e7in gaz maskeleri \u00fcretmesi istendi.<\/p>\n

Trakt\u00f6r<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Trakt\u00f6r, tar\u0131m, in\u015faat, yol yap\u0131m\u0131 ve di\u011fer i\u015f projelerinde kullan\u0131lan y\u00fcksek g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ancak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck h\u0131zl\u0131 bir ara\u00e7t\u0131r. \u0130lk benzinli trakt\u00f6r Iowa’l\u0131 bir demirci olan John Froehlich taraf\u0131ndan 1892 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130lk seri \u00fcretilen trakt\u00f6rler C.W. Hart and C.H. Parr taraf\u0131ndan Charles City, Iowa’da sat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Tramvay<\/a> (Elektrikli Tramvay)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Thomas Davenport (Temmuz 9, 1802 -Temmuz 6, 1851), ticari olarak ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olan ilk elektrikli tramvay\u0131 kuran Amerikal\u0131 bir demirci ve mucittir. Vermont \u015fehrinde ya\u015fayan Thomas Davenport, 1834’te bir elektrikli motor icat etti ve 1835’de k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir elektrikli demiryolu a\u00e7t\u0131. 1837’de (elektrikli demiryolunda) “Manyetizma ve elektromanyetizma ile makinelerin tahrik edilmesinde iyile\u015ftirmeler” i\u00e7in bir cihaz\u0131 patentledi. Davenport daha sonra New York’ta bir at\u00f6lye a\u00e7t\u0131 ve kendi tasarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 motorlarla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir matbaa kurdu ve elektromanyetizma \u00fczerine bir dergi yay\u0131nlad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Tuvalet Ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Joseph Gayetty 1857’de tuvalet ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131 icat etti. Yeni tuvalet ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131 d\u00fcz tabakalardan olu\u015fuyordu. Gayetty’nin icad\u0131ndan \u00f6nce, insanlar dergi ve gazete\u00a0 sayfalar\u0131n\u0131 veya yapraklar\u0131 kullan\u0131yordu. Ne yaz\u0131k ki, Gayetty’nin icad\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu. Walter Alcock (\u0130ngiltere) daha sonra ruloda tuvalet ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131 geli\u015ftirdi (d\u00fcz ka\u011f\u0131tlarda de\u011fil). Bulu\u015f yine ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu.<\/p>\n

1867’de Thomas, Edward ve Clarence Scott (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, ABD’den karde\u015fler), k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir delikli ka\u011f\u0131t rulosundan olu\u015fan tuvalet ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131n\u0131n pazarlanmas\u0131nda ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Yeni tuvalet ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131n\u0131 bir itme arabas\u0131 ile satt\u0131lar – bu Scott Paper Company’nin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Tornavida<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bilinen en eski tornavida 15. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ard\u0131ndan \u015f\u00f6valye z\u0131rh\u0131nda yivli vidalar (tornavida ile tak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r) kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Biri New York City New York Metropolitan Museum of Art’da sergileniyor.<\/p>\n

Toz \u0130\u00e7ecek<\/strong><\/p>\n

Toz haline getirilmi\u015f ilk i\u00e7ecek olan Kool-Aid 1927’de Nebraska Omaha’n\u0131n kimyager Edwin Perkins taraf\u0131ndan icat edildi.\u00a0Kool-Aid aslen s\u0131v\u0131 haldeydi\u00a0 \u00a0ve 4 onsluk \u015fi\u015felerde sat\u0131l\u0131yordu. Daha sonra paket halinde toz halinde sat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yedi meyvenin; Vi\u015fne, Limon-Kire\u00e7, \u00dcz\u00fcm, Turuncu, K\u00f6k Bira, \u00c7ilek ve Ahududu gibi toz i\u00e7ecekleri vard\u0131. Kool-Aid fabrikas\u0131 daha sonra Illinois, Chicago’ya ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve 1953 y\u0131l\u0131nda General Foods Corporation taraf\u0131ndan sat\u0131n al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fckenmez Kalem<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

S\u0131zd\u0131rmayan ilk t\u00fckenmez kalem, 1935 y\u0131l\u0131nda Macar karde\u015fler Lazlo\u00a0Biro ve Georg Biro taraf\u0131ndan icat edildi. Lazlo bir kimyager, Georg ise gazete edit\u00f6r\u00fc idi.\u00a0Daha \u00f6nce deri i\u015faretlemekte kullan\u0131lan bir bilyeli kalem t\u00fcr\u00fc 1888 y\u0131l\u0131nda Amerikan John Loud taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilmi\u015fti. Ancak Loud’un kalemi m\u00fcrekkep s\u0131zd\u0131r\u0131yordu ve bu durum g\u00fcnl\u00fck kullan\u0131mda yaz\u0131 yazmak i\u00e7in pratik de\u011fildi. Biro karde\u015fler yeni bir m\u00fcrekkep t\u00fcr\u00fc geli\u015ftirdiler, m\u00fcrekkep ile birlikte bilyeli kalem bulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 patentlediler.\u00a0Ard\u0131ndan G\u00fcney Amerika’da Arjantin’de ilk ballpoint (T\u00fckenmez Kalem) \u00fcretim tesisini a\u00e7t\u0131lar.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Telefon Alexander Graham Bell (Mart 3, 1847, Edinburgh, \u0130sko\u00e7ya – 2 A\u011fustos 1922, Baddek, Nova Scotia) 1876 y\u0131l\u0131nda\u00a0Thomas Watson’la birlikte telefonunu icat etti. Bell ayr\u0131ca Thomas Edison’un icatlar\u0131ndan fonograf\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirdi….<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3105],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10700","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-icatlar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10700"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=10700"}],"version-history":[{"count":17,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10700\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11106,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10700\/revisions\/11106"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=10700"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=10700"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=10700"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}