Gitar\u0131n k\u00f6keninin ne kadar eskiye dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda bir\u00e7ok varsay\u0131m vard\u0131r, Ankara\u2019daki Anadolu Medeniyetleri M\u00fczesi\u2019nde bulunan Hitit\u2019lere ait bir kabartmada ve bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, Asur\u2019lara ait kabartmalarda da gitara benzeyen telli \u00e7alg\u0131lar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ger\u00e7ektir. Avrupa\u2019ya geli\u015f \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcnde ise \u0130ran ve Arap adlar\u0131na rastl\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n
\u00d6nce \u0130ran yoluyla Arap d\u00fcnyas\u0131na, Araplar\u0131n \u0130spanya\u2019y\u0131 fethiyle de Avrupa\u2019ya ge\u00e7ti\u011fi yayg\u0131n bir saptamad\u0131r.\u00a0Ma\u011frip ve Latin gitarlar\u0131 12. y\u00fczy\u0131lda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. 15. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ise lavtaya do\u011fru geli\u015ferek \u201cMandola\u201d ya da \u201cMandora\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 almaktad\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz gitar\u0131n\u0131n ana \u00e7izgilerinin olu\u015ftu\u011fu bu y\u00fczy\u0131lda Latin gitar\u0131, m\u0131zrapl\u0131 Vihuela olur. Flemenk Vihuela\u2019s\u0131 ise Avrupa Lavtas\u0131\u2019ndan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
Tarihte somut olarak ilk kez, 14. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, \u015fekli fazla tan\u0131mlanmasa da Guitern diye bir sazdan bahsedilir. El Vihuelas\u0131 olarak 13. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan beri tan\u0131nan bu \u00e7alg\u0131, 1500\u2019lerin sonuna do\u011fru, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc gitar\u0131n do\u011fmas\u0131ndaki ilk ipu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 verir.<\/p>\n
\u0130ngiltere Krali\u00e7esi I. Elisabeth, saray\u0131nda ve \u00e7evresinde daima m\u00fczik\u00e7ilere yer vermesiyle tan\u0131n\u0131r. \u0130spanya Kral\u0131 \u015earlken\u2019in o\u011flu II. Philiph, 1554\u2019de \u0130ngiltere Kral\u0131 VIII. Henry\u2019nin k\u0131z\u0131 olan, \u0130ngiltere ve \u0130rlanda Krali\u00e7esi Mary Tudor\u2019la evlenir. Bu \u00e7a\u011fda Lavtalir m\u00fczi\u011finin en g\u00fczel \u00f6rnekleri verilir. John Dowland (1562 \u2013 1626) zaman\u0131n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck lavtac\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Gitar m\u00fczi\u011fi, 16. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan 18. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar ya Tabulatur (ses perdeleri yerine parmak pozisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren nota yaz\u0131m sistemi) bi\u00e7iminde ya da alfabetik akor simgeleri sistemiyle yaz\u0131l\u0131yordu. 1586 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan ilk gitar metodu \u201c\u0130spanyol Gitar\u0131\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan be\u015f \u00e7ift telli \u00e7alg\u0131 i\u00e7indir. Daha onceki gitarlar d\u00f6rt, Vihuela ise alt\u0131 \u00e7ift tellidir. Vihuela\u2019dan sonra Barok Gitar devri ya\u015fayan be\u015f \u00e7ift; g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde kullan\u0131lan klasik gitarlar ise tek alt\u0131 tellidir ve bunun 18. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan bu yana b\u00f6yle oldu\u011fu Fernando Sor\u2019un alt\u0131 telli Romantik Gitar kullanmas\u0131yla somutlan\u0131r. 17. ve 18. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda \u0130talya ve Fransa\u2019da gitar metodlar\u0131na rastlan\u0131r. 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonunda IV. \u015earl\u2019\u0131n himayesinde bir\u00e7ok gitarist yeti\u015fir. Gelmi\u015f ge\u00e7mi\u015f en b\u00fcy\u00fck gitar ustalar\u0131ndan birinin Niccolo Paganini oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenir. Bu \u00e7alg\u0131y\u0131 keman\u0131 kadar ustal\u0131kla \u00e7almas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, eserlerini bestelerken dizinin \u00fczerinden hi\u00e7 eksik etmedi\u011finden s\u00f6z edilir.<\/p>\n
Bu arada Shubert, Berlioz, Diabelli, Gragnani, Carulli, Carcassi, Coste gibi bestecilerin ilgisini \u00e7eken gitar, onlar\u0131n dab u \u00e7alg\u0131 i\u00e7in eserler yazmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. 1778 \u2013 1830 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fayan Fernando Sor ise ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde \u0130spanya\u2019da yeti\u015fen en \u00f6nemli gitar ustas\u0131d\u0131r. Fernando Sor\u2019un, \u00f6\u011frencisi olarak pek \u00e7ok guitarist yeti\u015ftirmesinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonatlar, varyasyonlar, fanteziler ve et\u00fctleri bug\u00fcn bile bir\u00e7ok gitaristin da\u011farc\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f k\u00f6\u015fesinde yer al\u0131r. Besteci, gitar\u0131 alt\u0131 telli yaparak bug\u00fcnk\u00fc gitar\u0131n temelini atar. \u0130spanya\u2019da, Sor\u2019dan sonra Dionisia Aguada gibi bir gitar ustas\u0131 yeti\u015fir. Daha sonra yine ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde \u0130talya\u2019da \u00f6zellikle Beethoven\u2019\u0131n hayranl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazanan Mauro Giuliani (1781-1828) ismine rastlar\u0131z.<\/p>\n
19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda gitarda, sesin artmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan de\u011fi\u015fiklikler yap\u0131ld\u0131. G\u00f6vdesi geni\u015fletildi, derinli\u011fi azalt\u0131ld\u0131, g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs kapa\u011f\u0131 iyice inceltildi. G\u00f6vdenin i\u00e7ine g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs kapa\u011f\u0131n\u0131 desteklemek i\u00e7in konan enine \u00e7\u0131talar\u0131n yerini, ses deli\u011finin alt\u0131na yelpaze gibi a\u00e7\u0131lan \u0131\u015f\u0131nsal \u00e7\u0131talar ald\u0131. Eskiden ah\u015fap bir takozun i\u00e7ine saplanan sap\u0131, tellerin germesine kar\u015f\u0131n ek bir dayanak olu\u015fturacak gibi, g\u00f6vdenin i\u00e7ine do\u011fru biraz giren bir pabu\u00e7 ya da \u00e7\u0131kma kol bi\u00e7imine getirilerek arkaya tutkalland\u0131.<\/p>\n
19. y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca \u0130spanya\u2019da bir\u00e7ok usta gitarist yeti\u015fir. Bunlar aras\u0131nda Sor, Cano, Huartas, Tostado, Aquado, Fossa ba\u015fl\u0131ca isimlerdir. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f gitar ekol\u00fcn\u00fcn kurucusu olarak nitelenen, Bach, ve Beethoven\u2019\u0131n eserlerinden gitar i\u00e7in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fczenlemelerle tan\u0131nan Valenciya\u2019l\u0131 gitarist-besteci Francisco Tarrega ad\u0131na rastlar\u0131z. Andres Segovia, Emilio Pujol, Miguel Llobet, Regino Sainz de la Maza, Alirio Diaz ve Narciso Yepes O\u2019nu izlerler. \u0130ngiltere\u2019de ise, Julian Bream ve John Williams gibi gitaristler de ayn\u0131 paralleled devam ederler. Alirio Diaz\u2019\u0131n \u00f6nerisi \u00fczerine Andres Segovia\u2019n\u0131n gitarda ilk kez naylon tel kullanmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra en \u00f6nemli misyonu; o y\u0131llarda daha \u00e7ok Amerika\u2019da folk m\u00fczik, Avrupa\u2019da ise t\u00fcrk\u00fc e\u015flik\u00e7isi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen gitar\u0131, Klasik Gitar olarak t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyaya tan\u0131tmakt\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca \u00fcst\u00fcn virt\u00fc\u00f6zitesiyle de \u00e7alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 sevdiren ve geli\u015ftiren bir sanat\u00e7\u0131d\u0131r. Segovia \u2019n\u0131n \u00f6\u011frencisi olan Alirio Diaz (1923) ise \u00fcnl\u00fc bir yorumcu olarak b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyaya ad\u0131n\u0131 duyururken, \u00f6zellikle T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de verdi\u011fi konserlerle \u00fclkemizde gitar\u0131n tan\u0131\u0131\u0131nmas\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131da bulunmu\u015f, halen de bu katk\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyada oldu\u011fu gibi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n
Andres Segoiva gitar\u0131, konser salonlar\u0131na sokarak Amerka\u2019dan Arjantin\u2019e ve Uruguay\u2019a kadar uzanan turneleriyle hem enstr\u00fcmana hem de solistlere b\u00fcy\u00fck sayg\u0131nl\u0131k kazand\u0131r\u0131rken, gitar\u0131 20. y\u00fczy\u0131lda evrenselli\u011fe ula\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n
Segovia, Tarrega, Llobet, Pujol, Anido, Prat, Diaz, Bream, Williams gibi sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n \u00fcnl\u00fc ve b\u00fcy\u00fck eserleri gitar i\u00e7in d\u00fczenleyerek da\u011far\u0131 geni\u015fletme \u00e7abalar\u0131na art\u0131k Castenuovo Tedesco, Roussel, Mompou, Villa-Lobos, Ohana, Britten, Henze, Torroba, Rodrigo, Hallfter, Berio, Turina, Falla, Takemitsu, Ponce, Bennett, Berkeley, Walton, Martin, Davies, Tippett, Dodgson, Arnold, Brindle, Lauro, Poulene v.b. gibi \u00f6zg\u00fcr eserler yazan besteciler eklenir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Gitar\u0131n k\u00f6keninin ne kadar eskiye dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda bir\u00e7ok varsay\u0131m vard\u0131r, Ankara\u2019daki Anadolu Medeniyetleri M\u00fczesi\u2019nde bulunan Hitit\u2019lere ait bir kabartmada ve bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, Asur\u2019lara ait kabartmalarda da gitara benzeyen telli…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[629,904],"class_list":["post-1074","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-eglence","tag-gitar","tag-muzik"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1074"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1074"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1074\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11315,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1074\/revisions\/11315"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1074"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1074"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1074"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}