{"id":10768,"date":"2018-01-04T01:08:43","date_gmt":"2018-01-03T23:08:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=10768"},"modified":"2018-03-08T12:20:33","modified_gmt":"2018-03-08T10:20:33","slug":"icatlar-d","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=10768","title":{"rendered":"A’dan Z’ye \u0130catlar – D harfi ile ba\u015flayan icatlar"},"content":{"rendered":"

Daksil (S\u0131v\u0131 D\u00fczeltici, S\u0131v\u0131 Ka\u011f\u0131t)<\/strong><\/p>\n

S\u0131v\u0131 K\u00e2\u011f\u0131t, ka\u011f\u0131ttaki yaz\u0131 katalar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczeltmek i\u00e7in h\u0131zl\u0131 kuruyan beyaz bir boyad\u0131r. S\u0131v\u0131 Ka\u011f\u0131t 1951’de Bessie Nesmith (1922-1980) taraf\u0131ndan icat edildi. Beyaz tempera boya kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu (Nesmith ayr\u0131ca bir sanat\u00e7\u0131yd\u0131). Nesmith, bilgisayarlar \u00e7\u0131kmadan \u00f6nce ABD Teksas’daki bir sekreterdi. \u00c7ok pop\u00fcler bulu\u015funu satmaya ba\u015flad\u0131 ve yak\u0131nda \u00e7ok ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 S\u0131v\u0131 Ka\u011f\u0131t \u015firketini y\u00f6netti.<\/p>\n

Daktilo<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

\u0130lk daktilo 1867’de Amerikal\u0131 yazar ve edit\u00f6r Christopher Latham Sholes taraf\u0131ndan icat edildi (14 \u015eubat 1819 – 17 \u015eubat 1890). Sholes’un prototipi, kullan\u0131c\u0131ya, (her harf ve say\u0131 i\u00e7in) bir tu\u015fa basmas\u0131 ile d\u00fcz bir plakaya \u00e7arpan kollar\u0131n ka\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerine bir karbon izi \u00fcretiyordu. Prototipi eski bir telgraf vericisi anahtar\u0131 kullanarak yapt\u0131. Harfleri aral\u0131klarla ay\u0131rman\u0131n, d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmenin ve ge\u00e7i\u015f tu\u015funu de\u011fi\u015ftirmenin hi\u00e7bir yolu yoktu; bu \u00f6zellikler daha sonraki modellere eklenebildi.<\/p>\n

Carlos Glidden ve Samuel W. Soul\u00e9, Sholes ile birlikte Kleinstuber Machine Shop’da \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve bulu\u015fa yard\u0131mc\u0131 oldular. \u0130lk patentlerini 23 Haziran 1868’de elde ettiler. Sholes ve Glidden, bulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131 James Densmore’a satt\u0131lar ve James Densmore daha sonra makineyi ticari olarak \u00fcretti. \u0130lk ticari modeli “Sholes & Glidden Type Writer” olarak isimlendirildi. 1874-1878 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda NewYork, Ilion’daki silah \u00fcreticisi E. Remington & Sons taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretildi ve Remington daktilo olarak isimlendirildi. Daktilo ile bir kitap ilk yazar Tom Sawyer gibi eserleri yazan Mark Twain oldu. Sholes’un daktilosu, ileti\u015fimde bir devrimin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

De\u011fi\u015ftirilebilir Par\u00e7alar (Seri \u00dcretim)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Saat\u00e7iler, 1700’l\u00fc y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndan beri de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilir par\u00e7alar fikrini kulland\u0131lar. 1790’da, Frans\u0131z silah uzman\u0131 Honor\u00e9 Blanc, tamamen de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilir par\u00e7alardan olu\u015ftu\u011funu \u015farj\u00f6rleri icat etti. Frans\u0131z h\u00fck\u00fcmeti s\u00fcreci be\u011fenmedi \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te herkes bir \u015fey \u00fcretebilir ve h\u00fck\u00fcmet kontrol\u00fc kaybedebilirdi, bu y\u00fczden durduruldu. De\u011fi\u015ftirilebilir par\u00e7alar fikri, 1798 y\u0131l\u0131nda Eli Whitney (1765-1825) taraf\u0131ndan Amerikan silah \u00fcretimine getirildi. De\u011fi\u015ftirilebilir imalat par\u00e7alar\u0131 kavram\u0131, t\u00fcfek end\u00fcstrisini (genel olarak seri \u00fcretim) modernize etmeye yard\u0131mc\u0131 oldu. Whitney, t\u00fcfe\u011fin her bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in \u015fablonlar haz\u0131rlad\u0131 (erken bir silah modelidir). \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler par\u00e7ay\u0131 keserken bu \u015fablonu kulland\u0131lar. Whitney, \u00e7\u0131r\u00e7\u0131r makinesini icat eden Amerikal\u0131 bir mucit ve m\u00fchendisti.<\/p>\n

Diki\u015f Makinesi<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Elias Howe (1819-1867), 1846’da geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f bir diki\u015f makinesini patenti alan Amerikal\u0131 mucit idi. Onun devrim niteli\u011findeki makinesi iki i\u011fne kulland\u0131; biri i\u011fne boyunca di\u015fli, di\u011feri mekikte; bir el krank\u0131yla g\u00fc\u00e7 veriliyordu. Bir ucunda g\u00f6z\u00fc olan yanlamas\u0131na hareket eden bir i\u011fne, kuma\u015f\u0131 delip di\u011fer tarafta bir iplik dizisi olu\u015fturur; bir servis daha sonra ipli\u011fi ilmek yoluyla s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak s\u0131k\u0131 bir kilit diki\u015f olu\u015fturur. Daha \u00f6nceki diki\u015f makineleri yaln\u0131zca bir iplik ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclebilen bir zincir diki\u015f kullan\u0131yordu. Ne yaz\u0131k ki Howe’nin i\u015finde ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmad\u0131. Isaac Singer gibi di\u011ferleri makineyi yava\u015f\u00e7a de\u011fi\u015ftirdiler ve ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 i\u015fler yapt\u0131lar. Howe patentini ihlal edenleri dava etti ve sat\u0131lan t\u00fcm makinelerden telif pay\u0131 kazand\u0131 (Kendisine, sat\u0131lan her diki\u015f makinesi i\u00e7in $ 5.00 \u00f6dendi). Howe, patentinin s\u00fcresi ge\u00e7ti\u011fi y\u0131lda \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Dinamit<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Alfred Bernhard Nobel (1833-1896) \u0130sve\u00e7li bir mucit ve sanayiciydi. Nobel, “Nobel patent detonat\u00f6r\u00fc” (nitrogliserini \u0131s\u0131 yerine g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir elektrik \u00e7arpmas\u0131yla patlatt\u0131, 1863), dinamit (1867), jelatinli patlay\u0131c\u0131 (guncotton art\u0131 nitrogliserin, 1875),\u00a0dumans\u0131z barut (1887) dahil bir\u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve nispeten g\u00fcvenli patlay\u0131c\u0131 madde icat etti. Nobel ayr\u0131ca elektrokimya, optik, biyoloji ve fizyoloji alanlar\u0131nda bulu\u015flar yapt\u0131. Nobel, Fizik, Kimya, Fizyoloji \/ T\u0131p, Edebiyat ve Bar\u0131\u015f’da ilerleme kaydetmi\u015f insanlara her y\u0131l \u00f6d\u00fcl (Nobel \u00f6d\u00fclleri) vermek i\u00e7in servetinden b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Diyaliz\u00a0<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Dean Kamen, diyaliz makinesi dahil bir\u00e7ok devrimci cihaz icat eden bir Amerikan mucittir.\u00a0B\u00f6brek diyaliz hastalar\u0131n\u0131n hastaneye kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyen ta\u015f\u0131nabilir ve\u00a0uykudayken diyalizi kendilerinin yapabildi\u011fi b\u00f6brek diyaliz makinesini icat etti.<\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca merdiven \u00e7\u0131kabilen tekerlekli sandalye hastalar\u0131n ins\u00fclin gibi ila\u00e7lar\u0131 almalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan ta\u015f\u0131nabilir t\u0131bbi inf\u00fczyon pompas\u0131, intravask\u00fcler stentleri (t\u0131kal\u0131 arterleri a\u00e7\u0131k tutan cihazlar) icat etti.<\/p>\n

Duman Dedekt\u00f6r\u00fc<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Konutlar i\u00e7in ilk duman alarm\u0131 (duman dedekt\u00f6r\u00fc olarak da bilinir) 1967’de BRK Electronics taraf\u0131ndan tasarland\u0131 (bu \u015firket daha sonra First Alert\u00ae duman dedekt\u00f6r\u00fc markas\u0131n\u0131 satacakt\u0131). Bu ucuz, pille \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan cihazlar, 1969’da Underwriters Laboratory onay\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131. Duman alarmlar\u0131, insanlar\u0131 yang\u0131nlara uyaran y\u0131llar boyunca say\u0131s\u0131z hayat kurtarm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Duvar Yata\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sarah E. Goode bir i\u015f kad\u0131n\u0131 ve duvar yata\u011f\u0131n\u0131n mucididir. Goode, kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda dolab\u0131n i\u00e7ine duvara yaslanm\u0131\u015f yerden kazand\u0131ran katlan\u0131r dolap yata\u011f\u0131n\u0131 icat etti. Katland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, alt k\u0131sm\u0131nda yer alan a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r raf masa olarak kullan\u0131labilir, k\u0131rtasiye ve yaz\u0131 malzemeleri b\u00f6lmeleri ile tamamlanabilirdi. Goode, Illinois, Chicago’da bir mobilya ma\u011fazas\u0131na sahipti ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck dairelerde ya\u015fayan insanlar i\u00e7in yatak icat etti. Goode’nin patenti, Afrikal\u0131-Amerikal\u0131 bir kad\u0131n mucit taraf\u0131ndan ilk elde edilen patent oldu.<\/p>\n

Dolma Kalem<\/strong><\/p>\n

Lewis E. Waterman, nispeten s\u0131zd\u0131rmayan dolma kalemi geli\u015ftiren Amerikal\u0131 bir mucit ve sigorta sat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131yd\u0131; Yeni bulu\u015funa 1884’te patent ald\u0131 ve yaz\u0131 yazmada yeni bir devrim yaratt\u0131. Dolmakalemden \u00f6nce divid denen kalemler kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu. Ucundaki m\u00fcrekkep birka\u00e7 kelimeden sonra bitiyor s\u00fcrekli m\u00fcrekkep \u015fi\u015fesine bat\u0131r\u0131p \u00e7\u0131karmak, silmek gerekiyordu ve m\u00fcrekkebin ak\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle yaz\u0131 bozulabiliyordu. Waterman, m\u00fcrekkep haznesini kalemin metal ucunun \u00fczerine koydu. Bu rezervuar birka\u00e7 sayfa yazmak i\u00e7in yeterli m\u00fcrekkebi depolayacakt\u0131. Dolmakalemi geli\u015ftirmede, \u00f6zellikle m\u00fcrekkebin ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmede zorluk \u00e7\u0131kartan bir\u00e7ok problem vard\u0131. Waterman, kau\u00e7uk kese i\u00e7indeki m\u00fcrekkebin hava ile yer de\u011fi\u015ftirmesini sa\u011flayan k\u0131lcal bir y\u00fcntem uygulad\u0131; b\u00f6ylece m\u00fcrekkep d\u00fczg\u00fcn bir \u015fekilde ak\u0131yordu. Ayr\u0131ca Waterman, kalem kapa\u011f\u0131na bir klips yerle\u015ftiren ilk ki\u015fiydi.<\/p>\n

D\u00f6ner Kap\u0131<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

D\u00f6ner kap\u0131, Pennsylvania Philadelphia’daki Theophilus Van Kannel taraf\u0131ndan 1888 y\u0131l\u0131nda icat edildi. Y\u00fcksek katl\u0131 binalarda d\u00fczenli kap\u0131lar a\u00e7mak zordur, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc merdiven bo\u015fluklar\u0131, asans\u00f6r \u015faftlar\u0131 ve bacalar \u00fczerinden havan\u0131n yukar\u0131 do\u011fru akmas\u0131 nedeniyle hafif bir vakum olu\u015fur. Van Kannel’in yeni tip kap\u0131s\u0131, y\u00fcksek binada a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 kolay hale getirdi ayr\u0131ca k\u0131\u015f\u0131n \u0131s\u0131y\u0131 korudu. Van Kannel d\u00f6ner kap\u0131ya 7 A\u011fustos 1888’de patent ald\u0131.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Daksil (S\u0131v\u0131 D\u00fczeltici, S\u0131v\u0131 Ka\u011f\u0131t) S\u0131v\u0131 K\u00e2\u011f\u0131t, ka\u011f\u0131ttaki yaz\u0131 katalar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczeltmek i\u00e7in h\u0131zl\u0131 kuruyan beyaz bir boyad\u0131r. S\u0131v\u0131 Ka\u011f\u0131t 1951’de Bessie Nesmith (1922-1980) taraf\u0131ndan icat edildi. Beyaz tempera boya kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3105],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10768","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-icatlar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10768"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=10768"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10768\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11091,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10768\/revisions\/11091"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=10768"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=10768"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=10768"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}