{"id":10893,"date":"2018-03-03T01:17:06","date_gmt":"2018-03-02T23:17:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=10893"},"modified":"2018-05-09T14:12:22","modified_gmt":"2018-05-09T12:12:22","slug":"alexander-graham-bell-icatlari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=10893","title":{"rendered":"Alexander Graham Bell \u0130catlar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

Alexander Graham Bell<\/a> 1876’da 29 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken telefonu icat etti<\/a>. K\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra Bell Telephone Company’yi 1877’de kurdu ve ayn\u0131 y\u0131l Mabel Hubbard ile evlendi ve Avrupa’da bir y\u0131l s\u00fcrecek balay\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.\u00a0Alexander Graham Bell icad\u0131 olan telefonun ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 ile kolayca memnun olabilirdi fakat laboratuvar\u0131nda bulunan bir\u00e7ok not defteri, onun d\u00fczenli olarak aray\u0131p \u00e7abalayan, daha fazla \u00f6\u011frenmek ve yaratmak isteyen ger\u00e7ek ve nadir g\u00f6r\u00fclen bir entelekt\u00fcel merakla dolu oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Uzun ve \u00fcretken hayat\u0131 boyunca yeni fikirleri denemeye devam etti. \u0130leti\u015fim alan\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra u\u00e7urtmalar, u\u00e7aklar, tetrahedral yap\u0131lar, koyun \u0131slah\u0131, suni solunum, tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma ve su dam\u0131tmas\u0131 ve hidrofoillerden olu\u015fan \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Telefonun icad\u0131<\/a> ile birlikte gelen muazzam teknik ve finansal ba\u015far\u0131, Alexander Graham Bell’in gelece\u011fini ve kendisini di\u011fer bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara\u00a0 adayabilecek kadar g\u00fcvenli hale getirdi. \u00d6rne\u011fin, 1881’de Fransa’da Volta \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc kazanarak elde etti\u011fi 10.000 dolar \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc, Washington, DC’de Volta Laboratuvar\u0131’n\u0131 kurmak i\u00e7in kulland\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bilimsel ekip \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na inanan Bell,\u00a0Volta Laboratuvar\u0131nda iki asistanla,\u00a0kuzeni Chichester Bell ve Charles Sumner Tainter ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Onlar\u0131n deneyleri ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, Thomas Edison’un fonograf\u0131na<\/a> b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131lar sa\u011flad\u0131 ve ticari olarak uygulanabilir hale geldi.<\/p>\n

1885’te Nova Scotia’ya ilk ziyaretinden sonra Bell, yeni ve heyecan verici fikirler aramak, parlak m\u00fchendislerden olu\u015fan ekipler kurmak i\u00e7in Baddeck yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda Beinn Bhreagh adl\u0131 m\u00fclk\u00fcnde bir ba\u015fka laboratuvar daha kurdu.<\/p>\n

Photophone<\/h3>\n

\"Photophone\"<\/p>\n

Telefondan sonraki ilk yeniliklerinden birisi, sesi bir \u0131\u015f\u0131k h\u00fczmesi arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ileten bir cihaz olan “photophone” oldu.<\/p>\n

Bell ve yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Charles Sumner Tainter, duyarl\u0131 selenyum kristali ve bir ayna kombinasyonu kullanarak g\u00f6nderdikleri sesi \u0131\u015f\u0131k ile ileten ve titre\u015ferek cevap veren photophone adl\u0131 sistemi geli\u015ftirdiler. 1881’de, bir binadan di\u011ferine 200 metre mesafeden photophone mesaj\u0131 g\u00f6nderdiler.<\/p>\n

Bell bile photophone sistemini “\u015fimdiye kadar yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m en b\u00fcy\u00fck bulu\u015f olan telefondan daha da b\u00fcy\u00fck” olarak tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Photophone asl\u0131nda ilk kablosuz bir telefon sistemiydi. Bulu\u015f g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn lazer ve fiber optik ileti\u015fim sistemlerinin temelini olu\u015ftururken, bu geli\u015fmeden tam olarak yararlanmak i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli modern teknolojilerin geli\u015ftirilmesi gerekiyordu. Fakat o zamanlar i\u00e7in hen\u00fcz bunlar m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildi.<\/p>\n

Metal Dedekt\u00f6r\u00fc<\/h3>\n

\"bell-metal-dedektor\"<\/p>\n

Baz\u0131 durumlarda, sorunlar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 anda onu yeni \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya itti. 1881’de Ba\u015fkan Garfield’a bir suikast giri\u015fimi sonras\u0131nda v\u00fccuda giren merminin\u00a0 yerini tespit edecek bir y\u00f6ntem olarak ind\u00fcksiyon dengesi denilen bir elektromanyetik cihaz \u00fcretti. \u0130lk a\u015famada ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olsa da Ba\u015fkan Garfield’\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra doktorlarla birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak, cihaz\u0131 geli\u015ftirdi ve telefon sondas\u0131 ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi. Metalin \u00fczerine geldi\u011finde ses \u00e7\u0131kartan erken bir metal dedekt\u00f6r\u00fc\u00a0icat etti. Bu dedekt\u00f6r, Boer Sava\u015f\u0131 (1899-1902) ve I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 (1914-18) s\u0131ras\u0131nda hayat kurtaran bir cihaz haline geldi.<\/p>\n

Solunum Cihaz\u0131<\/h3>\n

Bell’in yeni do\u011fan o\u011flu Edward, solunum problemlerinden \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde insanlar\u0131n nefes almas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131racak metal bir vakum kab\u0131 tasarlad\u0131. Cihaz, \u00e7ocuk felci hastalar\u0131n\u0131 hayatta tutmak i\u00e7in 1950’lerde kullan\u0131lan demir akci\u011ferin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fcyd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

\u00dczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 di\u011fer fikirler,\u00a0 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck i\u015fitme sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 saptamak i\u00e7in icat etti\u011fi audiometre, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki enerji geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc ve alternatif yak\u0131tlar denilen alanlarda deneyler yapt\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca Bell deniz suyundan tuzu uzakla\u015ft\u0131rarak temiz su elde etme y\u00f6ntemleri \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Koyun Islah\u0131 ve Yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131<\/h3>\n

Merak\u0131 onu kal\u0131t\u0131m ve genetik mutasyon kuramlar\u0131na y\u00f6nlendrdi. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar, daha sonra koyunlarda kal\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerini inceledi. Beinn Bhreagh laboratuvar\u0131nda koyunlar\u0131n do\u011fum say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ikiz ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcz olarak art\u0131rabilir mi diye koyun yeti\u015ftirme deneyleri yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Havac\u0131l\u0131k ve Daha Sonra Ya\u015famdaki Geli\u015fmeler<\/h3>\n

Havac\u0131l\u0131k ve u\u00e7u\u015f teknolojisilerinde ilerlemeler kaydetmek i\u00e7in harcad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman ve gayret k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck faaliyetler olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n

1890’lara gelindi\u011finde, Bell pervaneler ve u\u00e7urtma denemeleri yapmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.\u00a0U\u00e7urtma tasar\u0131m\u0131nda yeni bir mimari bi\u00e7im olan tetrahedron (d\u00f6rt y\u00fczl\u00fc \u00fc\u00e7gen) kavram\u0131n\u0131 uygulamaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

U\u00e7ak \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131<\/h4>\n

1907’de, Wright Karde\u015fler’in Kitty Hawk’da ilk u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 yapt\u0131ktan d\u00f6rt y\u0131l sonra Bell, hava ara\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00fcretme konusunda ortak hedeflere sahip d\u00f6rt gen\u00e7 m\u00fchendis; Glenn Curtiss, William “Casey” Baldwin, Thomas Selfridge ve J.A.D McCurdy ile birlikte Aerial Experiment Association (Havac\u0131l\u0131k Deneyi Derne\u011fi)’ni kurdu. Ekip, 1909’a kadar, d\u00f6rt g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc u\u00e7ak \u00fcretmi\u015fti. Bunlar\u0131n en iyisi olan Silver Dart, 23 \u015eubat 1909’da Kanada’da ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir hava yolculu\u011fu yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Deniz Otob\u00fcs\u00fc<\/h4>\n

Bell hayat\u0131n\u0131n son on y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 hidrofoil (deniz otob\u00fcs\u00fc) tasar\u0131mlar\u0131 geli\u015ftirerek ge\u00e7irdi. 1919’da Bell ve Casey Baldwin, 1963 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar k\u0131r\u0131lamam\u0131\u015f bir d\u00fcnya su h\u0131z\u0131 rekoru k\u0131ran bir hidrofoil\u00a0 in\u015fa ettiler.<\/p>\n

Bell, \u00f6lmeden birka\u00e7 ay \u00f6nce bir muhabire verdi\u011fi r\u00f6p\u00f6rtajda, “S\u00fcrekli g\u00f6zlemleyen,\u00a0 g\u00f6zlemlediklerini hat\u0131rlayan, nas\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131 ve nedenlerini ara\u015ft\u0131ran hi\u00e7kimsede zihinsel atrofi olamaz.” demi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Alexander Graham Bell 1876’da 29 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken telefonu icat etti. K\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra Bell Telephone Company’yi 1877’de kurdu ve ayn\u0131 y\u0131l Mabel Hubbard ile evlendi ve Avrupa’da bir y\u0131l s\u00fcrecek balay\u0131na…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10895,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2369],"tags":[598],"class_list":["post-10893","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-mucitler","tag-alexander-graham-bell"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10893"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=10893"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10893\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11581,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10893\/revisions\/11581"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/10895"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=10893"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=10893"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=10893"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}