Araba yada otomobil \u00a0\u015fehir i\u00e7i ve \u015fehir\u00a0d\u0131\u015f\u0131 karayollar\u0131nda, insan veya y\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131ma amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131lan motorlu ara\u00e7lard\u0131r. Otomobilin hareket edebilmesi i\u00e7in \u00fczerinde bulunan motorun g\u00fcc\u00fcne ihtiyac\u0131 vard\u0131r. Motor g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc; buhar,\u00a0elektrik, gaz, petrol gibi enerji kaynaklar\u0131ndan temin eder. En \u00e7ok kullan\u0131lan g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00fcreticisi petrol ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u00e7ten yanmal\u0131 motorlard\u0131r.\u00a0Araban\u0131n icad\u0131 ve seri \u00fcretime ge\u00e7ilmesiyle insanlar\u0131n ekonomik ve sosyal\u00a0ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fiklikler meydana gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Otomobilin icad\u0131 300 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine dayan\u0131r. Kendi g\u00fcc\u00fcyle hareket eden\u00a0bir araba d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi, 18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda makina \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ilerlemesiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. \u0130lk olarak 1705 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ngiliz Thomas Newcomen<\/strong> ve 1760 senesinde James Watt<\/strong>, maden ocaklar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmak \u00fczere,\u00a0buharla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ve g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00fcreten ilk makinalar\u0131 yapt\u0131lar. Bunlar buhar motorlar\u0131yd\u0131 ve sanayi devrimi ba\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n 1769 y\u0131l\u0131nda Nicholas Cugnot<\/strong> ad\u0131ndaki bir Frans\u0131z soylu, bir buhar makinesi ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ilk kara ta\u015f\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 tasarlad\u0131. Cugnot’un araba tasar\u0131m\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 tekerlekli, \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir buhar kazan\u0131ndan sa\u011flanan g\u00fc\u00e7le \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan buhar motorlu bir araba \u015feklinde idi. Bu araba saatte yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak 4. 5 kilometre yol alabiliyordu. Her 20 kilometrede bir kazan\u0131n doldurulmas\u0131 gerekiyordu.<\/p>\n 1789 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Amerikal\u0131\u00a0Oliver Evans<\/strong>, kendili\u011finden hareket eden ilk araba<\/a> i\u00e7in Amerika’da patent ald\u0131. Bu ara\u00e7 d\u00f6rt tekerlekliydi. Arka taraf\u0131ndaki pedall\u0131 tekerlekler, hem karada hem de suda hareket edebilmesini sa\u011fl\u0131yordu. A\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ise 21 tondu.<\/p>\n 1801 senesinde ise \u0130ngiliz Richard Trevithick<\/strong>, buharla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ilk\u00a0otomobili icat etti. Buhar elde edilmesi b\u00fcy\u00fck hacim ve i\u015f\u00e7ilik gerektirdi\u011finden, daha pratik\u00a0\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ba\u015flad\u0131.\u00a0Bunu izleyen 60 y\u0131l boyunca, ba\u015fka mucitler de ayn\u0131 do\u011frultudaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fcler. Ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen tasar\u0131mlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu buharl\u0131yd\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca birka\u00e7 tane de elektrikle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan model yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bunlarda b\u00fcy\u00fck ak\u00fcm\u00fclat\u00f6rler vard\u0131.\u00a01860 senesinde Alman August Otto<\/strong>, havagaz\u0131 ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ilk\u00a0otomobili icat etti.<\/p>\n Daha sonra, 1880′ li y\u0131llarda, otomobilin bug\u00fcnk\u00fc halini almas\u0131nda esas olan iki icat ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. S\u00f6z konusu icatlardan biri i\u00e7ten yanmal\u0131 motor di\u011fer\u00a0 icat ise pn\u00f6matik, ya da haval\u0131 lastik idi.\u00a01886 senesinde ise Alman Gottlieb Daimler<\/strong> ve Karl Benz<\/strong> ayn\u0131 zamanlarda ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 d\u00f6rt zamanl\u0131\u00a0benzinli motoru icat ettiler. \u00a0Benzinli motorun icad\u0131ndan sonra 1887 \u00a0y\u0131l\u0131nda\u00a0benzinle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ilk otomobil, Gottlieb Daimler<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n Otomobil ile ilgili, 1800 l\u00fc y\u0131llar\u0131n sonlar\u0131ndan 1960 l\u0131 y\u0131llara kadar olan geli\u015fmeler daha \u00e7ok ABD\u2019de ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Bu s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisindeki\u00a0otomobildeki \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmeler; ak\u00fc ile ilk hareket, ate\u015fleme sistemi, karb\u00fcrat\u00f6r, s\u00fcspansiyon\u00a0sistemleri, hidrolik fren sistemleri, difransiyel ve konforu artt\u0131ran di\u011fer ilaveler oldu.<\/p>\n Amerika’da, Frank ve Charles Duryea<\/strong> ad\u0131nda iki karde\u015f 1892 ve 1893 y\u0131llar\u0131nda benzinle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Amerikan otomobillerini yapt\u0131lar. \u0130ki karde\u015fin yapt\u0131klar\u0131 otomobiller, at arabas\u0131n\u0131n temeli \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015ftu ve “ats\u0131z araba” diye isimlendirilmi\u015fti. Ger\u00e7ekte, bunlar\u0131 izleyen b\u00fct\u00fcn ilk d\u00f6nem Amerikan otomobilleri hemen hemen birbirinin benzeriydi. Kimse tamamen farkl\u0131 bir modelde otomobil tasarlama gere\u011fini duymam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. B\u00fct\u00fcn yapt\u0131klar\u0131, de\u011fi\u015fik zaman aralar\u0131yla bir transmisyon kay\u0131\u015f\u0131 eklemek veya arka tekerleklere hareket sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 zincir d\u00fczeni uygulamakt\u0131. Ancak sa\u011flaml\u0131k ve rahatl\u0131klar\u0131na da dikkat g\u00f6sterilmesi sonucu, otomobiller daha g\u00fcvenilir ta\u015f\u0131tlar olma, daha iyi yol yapabilme niteliklerini kazand\u0131lar.<\/p>\n \u00c7ok ge\u00e7meden, bir zamanlar\u0131n “ats\u0131z arabalar\u0131”n\u0131n zay\u0131f, dayan\u0131ks\u0131z yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n otomobiller i\u00e7in uygun olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. Yava\u015f yava\u015f, bug\u00fcn bildi\u011fimiz otomobil modellerine yakla\u015fan \u00f6rnekler g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Motor oturacak yerin alt\u0131ndan \u00f6n tarafa al\u0131nd\u0131. Dayan\u0131kl\u0131, sa\u011flam lastik tekerlekler ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi.<\/p>\n 1908 senesinde Henry\u00a0Ford<\/strong>, otomobilde seri \u00fcretim metodunu ortaya koyarak, s\u00fcratli bir \u015fekilde otomobil’in yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.\u00a0Araba say\u0131s\u0131 artt\u0131k\u00e7a fiyatlar da d\u00fc\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.\u00a0En sonunda, daha kuvvetli iskelet yap\u0131 i\u00e7in, \u00e7elik kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n Otomobil talebinde art\u0131\u015f, farkl\u0131 firmalar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fik \u00f6zelliklerde otomobil \u00fcretmesine\u00a0yol a\u00e7t\u0131. \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131ndan sonra kalite, emniyet, s\u00fcrat, teknik \u00f6zelliklerin geli\u015fmesi yan\u0131nda\u00a0otomobil \u00fcretimi de art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6sterdi. D\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde ismini duyuran en b\u00fcy\u00fck otomobil firmalar\u0131 olarak\u00a0ABD\u2019de Ford, Buick, Oldsmobile, Cadillac, Chevrolet<\/strong>; Almanya\u2019da Mercedes-Benz, BMW, Opel,\u00a0Volkswagen<\/strong>; Fransa\u2019da Renault, Citroen, Peugeot<\/strong>; \u0130talya\u2019da Fiat, Alfa, Romeo, Ferrari<\/strong>; Kore\u2019de Kia,\u00a0Hundai<\/strong>; Japonya<\/a>\u2019da Datsun, Mazda, Nissan, Toyota, Subaru, \u0130suzu, Mitsubushi, Suzuki<\/strong> bilinir. Rusya\u2019da otomobil \u00fcretimi azd\u0131r. Moskvich<\/strong> marka otomobil, \u00e7ok pahal\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in az sat\u0131lmaktayd\u0131.\u00a01966\u2019da \u0130talyan Fiat patentiyle otomobil \u00fcretimine ba\u015flad\u0131. Rusya, Renault firmas\u0131 ile 1966 senesinde\u00a0anla\u015fma yapt\u0131 ve Moskvich otomobilini yeniden d\u00fczenleyip piyasaya s\u00fcrd\u00fc. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Lada<\/strong> marka\u00a0otomobilleri piyasada tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Otomobillerin hemen hepsi benzinle veya mazotla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Petrol\u00a0rezervlerinin h\u0131zla azalmas\u0131, otomobil i\u00e7in enerjiyi ba\u015fka yollardan temin etmeyi\u00a0d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrmektedir. Bu konuda bir\u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Elektrikle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan otomobillerin sat\u0131\u015f\u0131na ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f, g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan arabalar\u0131n \u00fczerinde ise \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar devam etmektedir.<\/p>\n Otomobil \u00fcretimiyle \u00e7elik, cam, sentetik maddeler, tekstil, kimya ve\u00a0petrol sanayisinde geli\u015fmeler oldu. Bir\u00e7ok par\u00e7adan meydana gelen otomobilin sat\u0131\u015f, bak\u0131m, tamir\u00a0i\u015flerini y\u00fcr\u00fcten servisler, garajlar, galeriler a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Bu arada hayvan g\u00fcc\u00fcyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir\u00e7ok vas\u0131ta\u00a0ortadan kalkt\u0131. Otomobilin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131, yollar\u0131n \u015feklini de de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. Birbirini kesmeyen d\u00fczg\u00fcn\u00a0asfalt yollar ve k\u00f6pr\u00fcler, t\u00fcneller in\u015fa edildi.<\/p>\n\u0130\u00e7ten Yanmal\u0131 Motorlar, Benzin ve Dizel Motorlar\u0131n \u0130cad\u0131<\/h2>\n
Araba Markalar\u0131<\/h2>\n