{"id":11007,"date":"2018-03-06T01:07:26","date_gmt":"2018-03-05T23:07:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=11007"},"modified":"2018-08-25T18:19:16","modified_gmt":"2018-08-25T16:19:16","slug":"dunyayi-degistiren-10-bulus","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=11007","title":{"rendered":"D\u00fcnyay\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftiren 10 bulu\u015f"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0130nsanlar yakla\u015f\u0131k 4,5 milyar y\u0131ll\u0131k D\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde ya\u015fayan tek yarat\u0131c\u0131 t\u00fcr. Modern insan Homo Sapien ise d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ya\u015f\u0131na oranla \u00e7ok k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcredir D\u00fcnya’da ya\u015f\u0131yor. \u0130\u015fte insan\u0131n bir ta\u015f\u0131 yontarak ilk keskin aleti yapmas\u0131yla birlikte icatlarla ilgili ser\u00fcven de ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f oldu. \u00e7a\u011flar \u00f6nce tekerle\u011fin icad\u0131 ile ba\u015flayan moderle\u015fme s\u00fcreci bu g\u00fcn uzaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p marsta ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yap\u0131lmas\u0131na kadar geldi. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te milyonarca bulu\u015f yap\u0131ld\u0131 fakat insanl\u0131k tarihini de\u011fi\u015ftren birka\u00e7 \u00f6nemli bulu\u015f \u00f6zellikle \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karak devrimsel geli\u015fmelere neden oldu. \u0130\u015fte, t\u00fcm zamanlar\u0131n en \u00f6nemli icatlar\u0131 i\u00e7inden en \u00e7ok dikkat \u00e7eken bulu\u015flar, bulu\u015fun arkas\u0131ndaki bilim ve bunlar\u0131n nas\u0131l geli\u015fti\u011fi.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnyay\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftiren bulu\u015flar<\/h2>\n

Tekerlek<\/a><\/h4>\n

\"tekerlegin-icadi\"<\/p>\n

M.\u00d6. 3500’de tekerle\u011fin bulunu\u015fundan \u00f6nce, insanlar\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131yabilecekleri y\u00fck ve gidebilecekleri mesafe \u00e7ok s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131yd\u0131. Asl\u0131nda zor olan tekerle\u011fin kendisini icat etmek de\u011fildi, onu kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131 hale getirmek i\u00e7in hareket etmeyen bir platforma tekerle\u011fi monte etmekti.\u00a0As\u0131l zeka tekerlek ve aks konseptindeydi. Tekerleklerin merkezindeki delikler ve sabit platformun ona ba\u011flanacak u\u00e7lar\u0131 neredeyse m\u00fckemmel ve yuvarlak olmal\u0131yd\u0131. Dingilin boyu da kritik bir fakt\u00f6rd\u00fc. Tekerle\u011fin merkezinde bulunacak k\u0131s\u0131m s\u0131k\u0131 yada gev\u015fek olmamal\u0131yd\u0131. \u0130\u015fte bu tekerle\u011fin icad\u0131ndan olduk\u00e7a uzun bir zaman sonra ba\u015far\u0131labildi.<\/p>\n

Tekerlekli arabalar, pazarlara mal ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapmay\u0131, tar\u0131m ve ticareti kolayla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Uzak mesafelere seyahat eden ki\u015filerin y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc hafifletti.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ivi<\/a><\/h4>\n

\"civi\"<\/p>\n

Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ayakta tutan ve 2000 y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n bir tarihe sahip olan \u00e7ivi ancak Antik Roma d\u00f6neminde insanlar metallere \u015fekil verme yetekenlerini geli\u015ftirdikten sonra\u00a0 ger\u00e7ek anlamda kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131 hale geldi. O zamana kadar ah\u015fap yap\u0131lar\u0131 olu\u015fturan par\u00e7alar geometrik olarak birbirine ge\u00e7irilecek \u015fekilde yap\u0131l\u0131yordu. Bu nedenle in\u015faat yapmak olduk\u00e7a zor ve uzun bir s\u00fcre\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n

Vermont \u00dcniversitesi ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131na g\u00f6re, 1790’l\u0131 y\u0131llara ve 1800’l\u00fc y\u0131llara kadar \u00e7iviler, kare \u015feklinde demir \u00e7ubuklar\u0131n \u0131s\u0131t\u0131l\u0131p \u00e7eki\u00e7 ile d\u00f6v\u00fclerek yap\u0131l\u0131yordu. \u00c7ivi \u00fcretim makineleri 1790’lar ile 1800’l\u00fc y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda yap\u0131ld\u0131. \u00c7ivi \u00fcretim teknolojisi ilerlemeye devam etti. Henry Bessemer demirden toplu \u00e7elik \u00fcretim y\u00f6ntemini geli\u015ftirdikten sonra, demirden \u00e7ivi yap\u0131m\u0131 giderek azald\u0131. 1886’da ABD \u00e7ivilerinin % 10’u yumu\u015fak \u00e7elik telden \u00fcretilmi\u015fti. 1913 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde, ABD’de \u00fcretilen \u00e7ivilerin y\u00fczde 90’\u0131 \u00e7elikten yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu arada, s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma y\u00f6ntemi ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir ba\u011flant\u0131 eleman\u0131 bir \u00e7e\u015fit vida Antik Yunan bilim adam\u0131 Ar\u015fimet<\/a> taraf\u0131ndan M.\u00d6. 3. y\u00fczy\u0131lda icat edildi.<\/p>\n

Pusula<\/strong><\/a><\/h4>\n

\"Pusulay\u0131<\/p>\n

Pusulan\u0131n icad\u0131na kadar denizciler y\u0131ld\u0131zlara bakarak seyahat ettiler.\u00a0Y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131 g\u00f6zlemleyerek seyahat etme y\u00f6ntemi g\u00fcnd\u00fczleri ve bulutlu gecelerde i\u015fe yaramaz oluyordu. Bu nedenle uzunca bir zaman, karadan uzakla\u015farak yolculuk yapmak olduk\u00e7a tehlikeli ve g\u00fcvensiz g\u00fcvensiz olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

\u00c7inliler ilk pusulay\u0131 9. ve 11. y\u00fczy\u0131l aras\u0131nda ara s\u0131ra icat ettiler. \u0130lk pusula \u00c7inli’lerin y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca \u00e7ekici \u00f6zelliklerini bildikleri, do\u011fal olarak m\u0131knat\u0131slanm\u0131\u015f bir demir cevheri olan m\u0131knat\u0131s ta\u015f\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. K\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra pusula, deniz yoluyla Araplara ve Avrupal\u0131lara ge\u00e7ti. Pusula denizcilerin karadan uzakta g\u00fcvenli bir \u015fekilde dola\u015fmalar\u0131na imkan verdi. Deniz ticaretini art\u0131rarak ve co\u011frfi ke\u015fiflerin ba\u015flamas\u0131na yard\u0131m etti.<\/p>\n

Matbaa<\/a><\/h4>\n

\"gutenberg-matbaa\"<\/p>\n

Matbaa Gutenberg’ten \u00f6nce \u00c7in ve Kore’deki mucitler taraf\u0131ndan zaten icat edilmi\u015fti.\u00a0Alman Johannes Gutenberg modern matbaay\u0131 1440 y\u0131l\u0131nda geli\u015ftirdi. Geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi kal\u0131p sistemi, b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda metal hareketli harferin h\u0131zla olu\u015fturulmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan yeni bir kal\u0131plama tekni\u011fiydi. Keten tohumu ya\u011f\u0131 ve is kurumundan m\u00fcrekkebi m\u00fcrekkebin ta\u015f\u0131nabilir tipten ka\u011f\u0131da aktar\u0131lan mekanize bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 yaratan ilk ki\u015fi oldu.<\/p>\n

Bu hareketli tip i\u015flemi, matbaalarda, kitap kopyalar\u0131 basma h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 giderek artt\u0131rd\u0131. B\u00f6ylece tarihte ilk defa kitaplar ve bilgi h\u0131zl\u0131 ve ucuz bir \u015fekilde t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyaya yayg\u0131nla\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. 1500 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar Bat\u0131 Avrupa’da 20 milyon cilt kitap bas\u0131ld\u0131. Bilginin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 yeni teknolojilerin ve icatlar\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131na, e\u011fitimli insan say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u00e7ten Yanmal\u0131 Motor<\/h4>\n

\"icten-yanmali-motor\"<\/p>\n

Motorun icad\u0131ndan \u00f6nce ta\u015f\u0131tlara g\u00fc\u00e7 sa\u011flaman sadece iki yolu vard\u0131. Arabalar ya insan ya da hayvanlar taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7ekiliyordu. \u0130nsanlar\u0131n buhar g\u00fcc\u00fcnden faydalanmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131 ise 1600 l\u00fc y\u0131llarda ba\u015flad\u0131.1698’de \u0130ngiliz\u00a0Thomas Savery<\/strong>\u00a0su pompalamak i\u00e7in buhar g\u00fcc\u00fc kullanan bir makine icat etti.\u00a0Thomas Newcomen\u00a0<\/strong>piston ve silindir sistemine sahip ilk buhar motorunu yapt\u0131. Buhar motorunda d\u00f6ner hareket elde etmeyi ise\u00a0James Watt <\/strong>ba\u015fard\u0131.<\/p>\n

1864 y\u0131l\u0131nda Nikolaus Otto ilk atmosferik benzin motorunu icat ederek yeni bir d\u00f6nemi ba\u015flatt\u0131.\u00a01876’da Nikolaus Otto, Gottlieb Daimler ve Wilhelm Maybach ile birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u015farjl\u0131 d\u00f6rt zamanl\u0131 ilk motoru yapt\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u00e7ten yanmal\u0131 motorlarda, yak\u0131t\u0131n yanmas\u0131 ile y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131k ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar, s\u0131cakl\u0131ktan dolay\u0131 geni\u015fleyen hava pistona bir kuvvet uygular, piston yukar\u0131 ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 do\u011fru harekete ba\u015flar. Bu hareket kimyasal enerjinin mekanik i\u015fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fme s\u00fcrecini ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r . Bir\u00e7ok bilim insan\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan on y\u0131llar boyunca yap\u0131lan m\u00fchendislik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 sonunda, i\u00e7ten yanmal\u0131 motor ancak 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda modern formunu alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Motor sayesinde, End\u00fcstriyel \u00c7a\u011f’a ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve modern arabalar ve u\u00e7aklar gibi \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli makinelerin icat edilmesine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Telefon<\/a><\/h4>\n

\"ilk<\/p>\n

Birka\u00e7 mucit elektrik ile ses iletimi konusunda \u00f6nc\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapt\u0131lar.\u00a0Antonio Meucci<\/a>, Alexander Graham Bell<\/a> ve Elisha Gray isimleri ise ger\u00e7ek anlamda sonuca ula\u015fan insanlar oldular. 1876’da elektrikli telefonun icad\u0131<\/a> i\u00e7in ilk patenti alan\u00a0Alexander Graham Bell oldu.<\/p>\n

Telgraf\u0131n icad\u0131<\/a>ndan sonra \u00f6zellikle i\u015fitme engelli annesi ve kar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n durumlar\u0131 ona ilham kayna\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011fu s\u00f6yleniyor. \u0130lk telefonu “elektrikli konu\u015fma makinesi” olarak nitelendirmi\u015ftir.\u00a0Bulu\u015f h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde d\u00fcnyaya yay\u0131ld\u0131. Telefonun icad\u0131 ve geli\u015fimi<\/a> k\u00fcresel ticaret ve ileti\u015fim alanlar\u0131nda devrime yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ampul<\/a><\/h4>\n

\"ampul\"<\/p>\n

\u0130nsanlar\u0131n verimli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7in sahip oldu\u011fu tek zaman dilimi g\u00fcn \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n var oldu\u011fu saatlerdi.\u00a0 Gece oldu\u011funda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak imkans\u0131zd\u0131. Ampul\u00fcn icad\u0131<\/a> insanlar\u0131n geceleri de faal olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayarak d\u00fcnyay\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fdi. Tarih\u00e7ilere g\u00f6re, 1800’l\u00fc y\u0131llar boyunca akkor lamba icat etmek i\u00e7in iki d\u00fczine ki\u015fi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapt\u0131. Thomas Edison<\/a>, ampul\u00fc icat eden ilk ki\u015fi<\/a> olmasa da, 1879 y\u0131l\u0131nda ampul, jenerat\u00f6r<\/a>, elektrik<\/a> hatt\u0131n\u0131n yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 tamamen i\u015flevsel bir ayd\u0131nlatma sistemi olu\u015fturdu. Ayr\u0131ca karbon filament ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ve en uzun s\u00fcre ve verimli yanan ampul\u00fc yapmay\u0131 ba\u015faran ilk ki\u015fi oldu.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnya’da evlerde ampul kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan sonra, bu bulu\u015f insanlar\u0131n uyku d\u00fczenini de\u011fi\u015ftirdi.\u00a0Geceleri ve madenler gibi karanl\u0131k yerlerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma imkan\u0131 \u00fcretimin artmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Antibiyotik<\/h4>\n

\"Penisilini<\/p>\n

Tarihteki en \u00fcnl\u00fc bulu\u015f<\/a> hikayelerinden biridir. 1928’de \u0130sko\u00e7 bilimadam\u0131 Alexander Fleming<\/strong>, laboratuar\u0131nda bakteri dolu bir Petri kab\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7ine numune bir k\u00fcf\u00fcn d\u00fc\u015fmesi ile\u00a0olu\u015fan kontaminasyon sonucunda bakterilerin hepsinin \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc farketti. Bu antibiyotik k\u00fcf mantar\u0131n\u0131n Penicillium oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonraki yirmi y\u0131l boyunca, kimyagerler onu safla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131 ve penisilin<\/a> antibiyoti\u011fi<\/a> geli\u015ftirildi. Penisilin, insanlara zarar vermeden \u00e7ok say\u0131da bakteri enfeksiyonu ile m\u00fccadelede halen kullan\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Do\u011fum Kontrol\u00fc<\/h4>\n

\"dogum-kontrol-hapi\"<\/p>\n

Do\u011fum kontrol haplar\u0131<\/a> ve di\u011fer do\u011fum kontrol y\u00f6ntemleri cinsel bir devrime yol a\u00e7makla kalmam\u0131\u015f ayn\u0131 zamanda d\u00fcnyada kad\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen ortalama \u00e7ocuk say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 da b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde azaltm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Daha az insan\u0131n beslenmesi, daha y\u00fcksek ya\u015fam standartlar\u0131na ula\u015fmay\u0131 ve \u00e7ocuklar i\u00e7in daha iyi e\u011fitim imkanlar\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca baz\u0131 kontraseptifler cinsel yolla bula\u015fan hastal\u0131klar\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemektedir.
\n\u0130lk do\u011fum kontrol hap\u0131 1930’lar\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda Russell Marker adl\u0131 bir kimyager taraf\u0131ndan icat edildi.<\/p>\n

\u0130nternet<\/a><\/h4>\n

\"interneti-kim-buldu\"<\/p>\n

Ger\u00e7ekten asl\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir a\u00e7\u0131klamaya ihtiya\u00e7 gerekmiyor. Herkes internetin ne oldu\u011funu biliyor. \u0130nternet olarak bilinen birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131 bilgisayar a\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fcresel sistemi, d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda milyarlarca ki\u015finin kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir sistem. Bir \u00e7ok ki\u015fi intentei geli\u015ftirmeye yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Ancak icad\u0131yla alakal\u0131 akla gelen isimler Lawrence Roberts, Vinton Cerf ve sonra Tim Berners Lee’tir. 1960’l\u0131 y\u0131llarda, ABD Savunma Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ARPA (Geli\u015fmi\u015f Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Projeleri Ajans\u0131) i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir ekip, ARPANET adl\u0131 ajans\u0131 bilgisayarlar\u0131 birbirine ba\u011flayan bir ileti\u015fim a\u011f\u0131 kurdu. Ekibin bir \u00fcyesi olan Roberts,\u00a0 “paket anahtarlama” adl\u0131 veri aktar\u0131m\u0131 y\u00f6ntemini, di\u011fer bilgisayar bilimcilerinin daha \u00f6nceki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na dayanarak geli\u015ftirdi. ARPANET \u0130nternet’in selefi idi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0130nsanlar yakla\u015f\u0131k 4,5 milyar y\u0131ll\u0131k D\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde ya\u015fayan tek yarat\u0131c\u0131 t\u00fcr. Modern insan Homo Sapien ise d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ya\u015f\u0131na oranla \u00e7ok k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcredir D\u00fcnya’da ya\u015f\u0131yor. \u0130\u015fte insan\u0131n bir ta\u015f\u0131 yontarak…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":11022,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3105],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11007","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-icatlar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11007"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=11007"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11007\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11688,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11007\/revisions\/11688"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/11022"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=11007"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=11007"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=11007"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}