Ar\u015fimet, tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131z, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck bilim adamlar\u0131ndan biri ve kesinlikle antik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck bilim adam\u0131d\u0131r.\u00a0Archimedes bir matematik\u00e7i, fizik\u00e7i, astronom, m\u00fchendis, mucit ve silah tasar\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131yd\u0131. G\u00f6rece\u011fimiz gibi, hem zaman\u0131n\u0131n hem de zaman\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok ilerisinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen, icat eden bir adamd\u0131.<\/p>\n
Ar\u015fimet, M.\u00d6 yakla\u015f\u0131k 287 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Sicilya adas\u0131nda bulunan Syracuse kentinde do\u011fmu\u015ftur. Babas\u0131, Phidias bir astronomdu.<\/p>\n
Eski Yunanl\u0131lar, bilim ad\u0131na ger\u00e7ek anlamda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapan ilk ve bilimin devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in bir disiplin olarak tan\u0131yan ilk insanlard\u0131.<\/p>\n
Her ne kadar di\u011fer k\u00fclt\u00fcrler bilimsel ke\u015fifler ve icatlar yapm\u0131\u015f olsalar da, bu medeniyetler cennete ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in daha b\u00fcy\u00fck tap\u0131naklar in\u015fa etmek veya mahsullerden daha \u00e7ok verim almak gibi temelde daha pratik ihtiya\u00e7lar nedeniyle bilimle u\u011fra\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnyay\u0131, bilgilerine bilgi katma zevkinden dolay\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131lar. Mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve g\u00fczelli\u011fi i\u00e7in geometri okudular. Akla y\u00f6nelik hi\u00e7bir pratik amac\u0131 olmayan Democritus, t\u00fcm maddelerin atom ad\u0131 verilen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck par\u00e7ac\u0131klardan olu\u015ftu\u011funu ve bu atomlar\u0131n daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck par\u00e7ac\u0131klara b\u00f6l\u00fcnemedi\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Kendi fikri i\u00e7in mant\u0131kl\u0131 arg\u00fcmanlar \u00fcretti.<\/p>\n
Ar\u015fimet bu Yunan bilimsel k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnde do\u011fdu. Sand Reckoner adl\u0131 eserinde bize babas\u0131n\u0131n bir astronom oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemektedir. G\u00fcne\u015fin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne dair tahminler hakk\u0131nda yazan Archimedes, \u201cPheidias, babam, g\u00fcne\u015fin oniki kat daha b\u00fcy\u00fck oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi.\u201d Demektedir.<\/p>\n
Ar\u015fimet, hayat\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funu Syracuse’da ge\u00e7irdi. Gen\u00e7 bir adam olarak B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender’in halefi (Batlamyus) Ptolemy Lagides’in d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00fct\u00fcphanesini in\u015fa etti\u011fi M\u0131s\u0131r \u015fehri \u0130skenderiye’de vakit ge\u00e7irdi.<\/p>\n
\u0130skenderiye K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi, toplant\u0131 ve konferans salonlar\u0131 ile antik d\u00fcnyadaki akademisyenlerin bulu\u015fma noktas\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
Ar\u015fimet’in baz\u0131 eserleri Syracuse’dan arkada\u015f\u0131 Eratosthenes’e g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi mektuplar\u0131n kopyalar\u0131ndan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Eratosthenes \u0130skenderiye K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi’nde g\u00f6revliydi ve gezegenimizin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc veya D\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7evresini do\u011fru olarak hesaplayan ilk ki\u015fiydi.\u00a0Eratosthenes Co\u011frafya biliminin temellerini atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca enlem ve boylam sistemini icat etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Antik Yunan’\u0131n bilimsel k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne dalm\u0131\u015f olan Ar\u015fimed, zaman i\u00e7erisinde d\u00fcnyan\u0131n tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 en muazzam ak\u0131llardan birine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Zaman\u0131n\u0131n Einstein’\u0131 idi ya da belki de Einstein’\u0131n zaman\u0131n\u0131n Ar\u015fimet’i idi.<\/p>\n
Onun matematik\u00e7i merak\u0131 ve dehas\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 gelece\u011fe ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131.\u00a0Zaman\u0131ndan iki bin y\u0131l sonra, R\u00f6nesans ve 1600’lerde matematik\u00e7iler onun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 tekrar tekrar ele al\u0131p incelediler ve faydaland\u0131rlar.\u00a0Archimedes\u2019\u0131n buldu\u011fu sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n do\u011fru oldu\u011funu biliyorlard\u0131, fakat bu b\u00fcy\u00fck adam\u0131n onlar\u0131 nas\u0131l buldu\u011funu anlayamad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n
Ar\u015fimet di\u011fer matematik\u00e7ilerden ho\u015flan\u0131rd\u0131 ama sinir bozucu bir tarz\u0131 vard\u0131, ipu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 verir fakat t\u00fcm y\u00f6ntemlerini a\u00e7\u0131klamazd\u0131. Bazen\u00a0onlara problemlerin do\u011fru cevaplar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler, sonra problemleri kendi ba\u015flar\u0131na \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcp \u00e7\u00f6zemeyeceklerini izlerdi.<\/p>\n
Ar\u015fimet’in matemati\u011finin gizemi, Profes\u00f6r Johan Heiberg’in \u0130stanbul\u2019da bir kitap ke\u015ffetti\u011fi 1906\u2019ya kadar \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclemedi.\u00a0Bu kitap, Konstantinopolis’in Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011funun son karakolu oldu\u011fu 13. y\u00fczy\u0131lda yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir H\u0131ristiyan dua kitab\u0131yd\u0131. Konstantinopolis’in surlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde Antik Yunan’\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck eserlerinden bir\u00e7o\u011fu saklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Heiberg’in buldu\u011fu kitap \u015fimdi Ar\u015fimet Palimpsest<\/strong> olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n Heiberg, kitaptaki dualar\u0131n matematik \u00fczerine yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffetti. Dualar\u0131 yazan ke\u015fi\u015f, orijinal matematiksel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Soluk izler bulabildi ama\u00a0Matemati\u011fin izlerinin asl\u0131nda Archimedes’\u0131n eserinin kopyalar\u0131 oldu\u011fu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir ke\u015fifti. Ar\u015fimed metni, 10. y\u00fczy\u0131lda kopyalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n Kitap, y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca kay\u0131p olan “The Metot” da dahil olmak \u00fczere Ar\u015fimet’in yedi eserini i\u00e7eriyordu.<\/p>\n Ar\u015fimed, Matemati\u011fi nas\u0131l yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamak i\u00e7in (The Metot) Y\u00f6ntem’i yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130skenderiye K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi’ne teslim edilmek \u00fczere Eratosthenes’e g\u00f6ndermi\u015fti. Ar\u015fimet kitab\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klama b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne \u015funlar\u0131 yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131:<\/p>\n \u201cHen\u00fcz ke\u015ffetti\u011fimiz teoremleri bulmak i\u00e7in g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz nesillerinin yan\u0131s\u0131ra gelecek nesillerin de (The Method) Y\u00f6ntem’i kullanabileceklerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum.\u201d<\/p>\n Ve b\u00f6ylece The Method’\u0131 okuyan yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131l matematik\u00e7ileri, Archimedes’in zaman\u0131n\u0131n ne kadar ilerisinde oldu\u011funu ve problemleri \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 teknikleri \u00f6\u011frendiler. Ar\u015fimet dizileri toplam\u0131\u015f ve ke\u015fiflerini fizikte kulland\u0131 – kald\u0131ra\u00e7 yasas\u0131 ve yer\u00e7ekimi merkezlerini nas\u0131l bulaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koydu – saf matematikte yeni teoremleri ke\u015ffetti ve integral kalk\u00fcl\u00fcs\u00fcne \u00e7ok yak\u0131n sonsuz k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck de\u011ferleri kulland\u0131. 1,800 y\u0131l boyunca herkesin kullanabilece\u011fi form\u00fcller ve y\u00f6ntemler ortaya koydu.<\/p>\n Ar\u015fimet, bir k\u00fcrenin hacmini hesaplayan form\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fcn en b\u00fcy\u00fck ki\u015fisel ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 oldu\u011funa inan\u0131yordu. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 modern matematik ile benzerli\u011finden dolay\u0131 olduk\u00e7a dikkat \u00e7ekicidir.<\/p>\n Kral II. Hiero, kendisine ta\u00e7 yapmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir zanattkara saf alt\u0131n vermi\u015fti. Ta\u00e7 yap\u0131l\u0131p krala geri getirirldi\u011finde zanattkara verilen alt\u0131n ile ayn\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011fa sahipti, ancak yine de Kral Hiero ku\u015fkuluydu. Zanaatk\u00e2r\u0131n alt\u0131n\u0131n belli bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve tac\u0131 alt\u0131nla g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f\u00fc kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Emin olamad\u0131, o y\u00fczden tac\u0131 Ar\u015fimet’e g\u00f6nderdi ve \u015f\u00fcphelerini ona a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131.<\/p>\n Alt\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ften daha yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu biliniyordu, bu y\u00fczden bir santimetre k\u00fcp alt\u0131n, bir santimetrelik k\u00fcp g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fden daha a\u011f\u0131r olacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n Sorun \u015fu ki, ta\u00e7 d\u00fczensiz \u015fekilliydi, bu y\u00fczden a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmesine ra\u011fmen, hacmini belirlemek neredeyse imkans\u0131zd\u0131.<\/p>\n Ar\u015fimet, bir yandan banyo yaparken bir yandan da Kral Hiero\u2019nun problemini nas\u0131l \u00e7\u00f6zebilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Bu s\u0131rada k\u00fcvetin i\u00e7erisinde kendisini yukar\u0131 kald\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, k\u00fcvet i\u00e7indeki su seviyesinin d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve kendisini a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda su seviyesinin y\u00fckseldi\u011fini fark etti. O kadar heyecanl\u0131yd\u0131 ki \u201cBuldum\u201d anlam\u0131na gelen \u201cEureka\u201d diye ba\u011f\u0131rarak k\u00fcvetten s\u0131\u00e7rad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u201cSyracuse\u201d sokaklar\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131plak bir \u015fekilde ko\u015ftu\u011fu rivayet edilmektedir.<\/p>\n Binlerce y\u0131l \u00f6nce bile bilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131n biraz \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131n olmalar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 hakl\u0131 bir \u00fcne sahip olduklar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n Ar\u015fimet, bir kaptaki suya bir kg alt\u0131n ve bir kg g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f bat\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda suyun seviyesinin farkl\u0131 oranlarda artaca\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131yordu. B\u00f6ylelikle hacmi hesaplayabilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc.<\/p>\n E\u011fer bu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc modern ekipmanla yapsayd\u0131k, 1 kg alt\u0131n su seviyesini 51,8 ml ve 1 kg g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f 95.3 ml art\u0131r\u0131rd\u0131.\u00a0Yani, Kral Hiero\u2019nun tac\u0131 1 kg a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaysa ve su seviyesini 52 ml y\u00fckselttiyse, ta\u00e7 saf alt\u0131n olacakt\u0131r. Su seviyesi bundan daha fazla y\u00fckselirse, alt\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fle de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n Ar\u015fimet, tac\u0131n alt\u0131n ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 oldu\u011funu, bunun da Kral Hiero i\u00e7in k\u00f6t\u00fc bir haber oldu\u011funu ve hatta Kral’\u0131n zanaatk\u00e2rlar\u0131 i\u00e7in daha da k\u00f6t\u00fc haber oldu\u011funu buldu!<\/p>\n Ar\u015fimet, M\u00d6 212 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Syracuse’\u0131n fethi s\u0131ras\u0131nda bir Romal\u0131 asker taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n Bir silindir i\u00e7ine oyulmu\u015f k\u00fcre \u015feklinde bir mezar\u0131n i\u00e7ine g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc. Bu onun arzusuydu, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc en b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u00fcrenin hacminin hesaplanmas\u0131 form\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc buldu\u011funa inan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n Y\u0131llar sonra, Sicilya Roma Valisi Cicero Ar\u015fimet’in mezar\u0131n\u0131 aramaya ba\u015flad\u0131. G\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc tahmin etti\u011fi yerlerdeki yabani otlar ve \u00e7al\u0131lar\u0131 temizletti fakat bir sonuca ula\u015famad\u0131.\u00a0Bug\u00fcn, Archimedes’in mezar\u0131n\u0131n nerede oldu\u011fu halen bilinmiyor ve muhtemelen, sonsuza dek bilinemeyecek.<\/p>\n \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n bir \u00e7o\u011fu da sonsuza kadar kayboldu, ama bildi\u011fimiz \u015fey onun ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n baz\u0131 kimseleri olduk\u00e7a korkuttu\u011fu ve izlerinin silinmesi i\u00e7in u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131.<\/p>\n Ar\u015fimet’in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden 300 y\u0131l sonra Yunanl\u0131 tarih\u00e7i Plutarch, \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6yledi:<\/p>\n \u201cT\u00fcm sevgisini ve h\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131, hayat\u0131n kaba ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131yla ilgili herhangi bir referans\u0131n olamayaca\u011f\u0131 daha saf spek\u00fclasyonlara yerle\u015ftirdi.\u201d<\/p>\n Ar\u015fimet, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir uygulamal\u0131 bilim adam\u0131yd\u0131, ama her \u015feyden \u00f6nce, Yunan bilim k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc y\u00fccelterek ya\u015fad\u0131. Pratik problemleri \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in de\u011fil Matemati\u011fin kendisi i\u00e7in matematik problemleri \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Matematikteki t\u00fcm ke\u015fiflerinin sonu\u00e7ta hem pratik hem de matematiksel olarak yararl\u0131 oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlad\u0131.<\/p>\nEureka ve Alt\u0131n Ta\u00e7 Hikayesi<\/h3>\n
\u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fc ve Miras\u0131<\/h3>\n