{"id":1176,"date":"2011-01-12T14:43:42","date_gmt":"2011-01-12T12:43:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=1176"},"modified":"2018-02-26T22:21:14","modified_gmt":"2018-02-26T20:21:14","slug":"denizalti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=1176","title":{"rendered":"Denizalt\u0131y\u0131 kim buldu"},"content":{"rendered":"

Denizlerin alt\u0131nda neler oldu\u011funu merak etmi\u015ftir insanlar \u00e7a\u011flar boyunca. Denizin alt\u0131nda solunum sorunu olmadan vakit ge\u00e7irebilmek ise en b\u00fcy\u00fck hayali olmu\u015ftur denize merakl\u0131 insanlar\u0131n. Hele ki denizin alt\u0131ndan d\u00fc\u015fmana habersizce yakla\u015fmak bir \u00e7ok komutan\u0131n, kral\u0131n hayali olmu\u015ftur. \u0130\u015fte t\u00fcm bu hayalleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren ara\u00e7 denizalt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Denizlerin gizleyici \u00f6zelli\u011finden faydalan\u0131larak denizalt\u0131 gemilerini Deniz Kuvvetlerine, cayd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 ve vurucu g\u00fc\u00e7 unsuru olarak kat\u0131lmas\u0131 fikrinin B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender ile ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 rivayet edilir. Aristo, \u0130skender\u2019in Tyre \u015fehrinin al\u0131nmas\u0131nda kendisine 7 ay mukavemet eden, denizci ve muharip Tyre insanlar\u0131n\u0131 yenebilmek i\u00e7in f\u0131\u00e7\u0131 \u015feklindeki su alt\u0131 silahlar\u0131ndan istifade etti\u011fini yazmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Denizalt\u0131n\u0131n ilk olarak resmini \u00e7izen Leonardo da Vinci\u2019dir.<\/h2>\n

1465’te Kyeser’in Almanya’da,1531’de De Lorena’n\u0131n \u0130talya’da Nemi G\u00f6l\u00fc’nde birer saat ve Osmanl\u0131’da da saray e\u011flenceleri kapsam\u0131nda timsah bi\u00e7imli bir tekne ile bir s\u00fcre su alt\u0131nda kald\u0131klar\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

William Bourne 1580 senesinde ilk denizalt\u0131 dizayn\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi.<\/h2>\n

Solunum sorununu \u00e7\u00f6zen ilk denizalt\u0131 Hollandal\u0131 fizik bilgini Conelius Drebbel taraf\u0131ndan 1624 y\u0131l\u0131nda Londra’da yap\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130skeleti tahtadan olan teknenin d\u0131\u015f\u0131, ya\u011fl\u0131 deri ile kaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bordada a\u00e7\u0131lan deliklerden sark\u0131t\u0131lan 12 \u00e7ift k\u00fcrekle yol alabiliyordu. Bu deliklerden i\u00e7eri su s\u0131zmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in k\u00fcreklerin giri\u015f yerleri s\u0131k\u0131ca kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ama, k\u00fcrek esnek deri kaplama nedeniyle rahat\u00e7a hareket edebiliyordu.<\/p>\n

Drebbel ve m\u00fcrettebat\u0131 \u0130ngiltere Kral\u0131 I. James’in \u00f6n\u00fcnde yap\u0131lan bir g\u00f6steri s\u0131ras\u0131nda Thames Nehri’nin sular\u0131 alt\u0131nda 2 saat kald\u0131lar. Drebbel’in denizalt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelliklerinden biri,solunum sorununu \u00e7\u00f6zmesiydi. Robert Boyle’un anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, teknenin i\u00e7inde bulunan \u00f6zel bir s\u0131v\u0131, kirlenen havay\u0131 temizliyordu. B\u00f6ylece Drebbel’ in \u00f6zel bir y\u00f6ntemle oksijen \u00fcretmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131\u011f\u0131 da anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. \u0130ngiltere Donanmas\u0131,bu yeni arac\u0131n orduda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na izin vermedi.<\/p>\n

1653 y\u0131l\u0131nda Fransuva de Son ad\u0131nda bir Frans\u0131z\u2019\u0131n ayn\u0131 bi\u00e7imde bir tekne ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 denemelerden sonra, 1720 y\u0131l\u0131nda Simons ad\u0131nda bir \u0130ngiliz daha geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f bir tekne kulland\u0131.<\/p>\n

Savunma silah\u0131 olarak sava\u015fta kullan\u0131lan ilk denizalt\u0131 ise, “American Turtle” adl\u0131 ara\u00e7t\u0131r. 1776 y\u0131l\u0131nda David Busnell ad\u0131nda bir Amerikal\u0131, kaplumba\u011fa ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fi yumurta bi\u00e7iminde biri yatay biri dikey olmak \u00fczere iki pervaneli, pervaneleri i\u00e7eriden elle d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fclen bir tek ki\u015filik denizalt\u0131s\u0131yla denemeler yapt\u0131.\u00a0\u00c7izimleri, Connecticut eyaleti Saybrook kentinden David Bushnell taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen bu denizalt\u0131, Amerikan Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u0130ngiliz Donanmas\u0131’na kar\u015f\u0131 kullan\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130\u00e7ine ancak bir tek ki\u015fi binebilen American Turtle, \u00c7avu\u015f Ezra Lee’nin kumandas\u0131nda, 7 Eyl\u00fcl 1776 g\u00fcn\u00fc, New York liman\u0131nda demirli olan Amiral Howe’un sancak gemisi “HMS Eagle”a bir sald\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fczenledi. Ancak \u00c7avu\u015f Lee’nin HMS Eagle’\u0131n g\u00f6vdesine yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 may\u0131n patlamadan az \u00f6nce sular taraf\u0131ndan s\u00fcr\u00fcklendi ve b\u00f6ylece harek\u00e2t ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015famad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Nih\u00e2yet buharl\u0131 gemiler \u00fczerinde y\u0131llarca \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f olan Fultan Naytilus, kendi ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fi, gerekti\u011finde suya dalabilen bir buharl\u0131denizalt\u0131 yaparak Frans\u0131z \u0130mparatoru Birinci Napolyon\u2019a arma\u011fan etti.<\/p>\n

Bir denizalt\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen ilk etkin sald\u0131r\u0131 ise, 17 \u015eubat 1864 g\u00fcn\u00fc meydana geldi. H.L.Hunley adl\u0131 denizalt\u0131, federasyoncu subaylar\u0131n denetiminde Charleston liman\u0131na s\u00fcz\u00fcld\u00fc ve federal kuvvetlere ait Housatonic adl\u0131 korveti bir torpidoyla vurdu. Patlama o denli \u015fiddetli oldu ki, sald\u0131ran ve sald\u0131r\u0131lan gemiler birlikte havaya u\u00e7tular. Bu arada denizalt\u0131n\u0131n sekiz ki\u015filik m\u00fcrettebat\u0131 ile komutan\u0131 Te\u011fmen George Dixon da \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Pervaneli ilk denizalt\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131 “La Plongeur”d\u00fcr. 420 ton a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki bu gemi, s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hava ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yordu. 1863 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rochefort’ta denize indirildi. Gerek menzili, gerekse h\u0131z\u0131, donanmada kullan\u0131lamayacak kadar yetersiz oldu\u011fundan, aktif hizmette bulunamad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Denizalt\u0131lar\u0131n donanmada s\u00fcrekli olarak kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanmas\u0131 ise 1859 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rusya H\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan yapt\u0131r\u0131lan 50 adet “Drzweiki” marka denizalt\u0131 ile ba\u015flad\u0131. \u00dclkenin k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 korumay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan bu denizalt\u0131lar, denizde fazla yol almad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Kendinden pervaneli ilk denizalt\u0131, s\u00fcrekli bir bi\u00e7imde ilk kez Yunan Donanmas\u0131’nda kullan\u0131ld\u0131. “Nordenfelt” adl\u0131 bu tekne, planlar\u0131 Liverpoollu Samuel Garratt taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7izildikten sonra, \u0130sve\u00e7’te yap\u0131ld\u0131. 1883 y\u0131l\u0131nda Landskrona’da yap\u0131m\u0131na ba\u015flan\u0131lan gemi, 1886 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yunan H\u00fck\u00fcmeti’ne devredildi. Buhar g\u00fcc\u00fcyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ve su \u00fcst\u00fcnde 9 deniz mili h\u0131z yapabilen Nordenfelt’in a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 60 ‘ tondu. Nordenfelt, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00fczerinde hareketli torpido bulunan ilk denizalt\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Garratt taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7izilen denizalt\u0131lar\u0131n \u0130ngiltere’de ilk \u00fcretimi ise, 1887 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrk Donanmas\u0131’n\u0131n sipari\u015fi \u00fczerine oldu. Buhar g\u00fcc\u00fcyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan 160 tonluk iki denizalt\u0131, T\u00fcrk Donanmas\u0131’nda 1910 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar hizmet verdiler.<\/p>\n

Sava\u015f gemisi olarak ilk def\u00e2 1887\u2019de \u0130spanyol J. Peral batarya ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan denizalt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131. Bunu 1888\u2019de Frans\u0131z Zede takip etti. 1902\u2019de ise Almanlar en ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 denizalt\u0131y\u0131 yapt\u0131lar.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Denizlerin alt\u0131nda neler oldu\u011funu merak etmi\u015ftir insanlar \u00e7a\u011flar boyunca. Denizin alt\u0131nda solunum sorunu olmadan vakit ge\u00e7irebilmek ise en b\u00fcy\u00fck hayali olmu\u015ftur denize merakl\u0131 insanlar\u0131n. Hele ki denizin alt\u0131ndan d\u00fc\u015fmana habersizce…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10227,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[345],"tags":[678],"class_list":["post-1176","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-askeri","tag-denizalti"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1176"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1176"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1176\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10221,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1176\/revisions\/10221"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/10227"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1176"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1176"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1176"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}