Anayasa, bir devletin veya ba\u015fka bir \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn y\u00f6netimini belirleyen bir dizi temel ilke ve\/veya kurallar b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bu kurallar birlikte, yani varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ne oldu\u011funu olu\u015fturur. Bu ilkeler tek bir belgeye veya yasal belgelere yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda somutla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f yaz\u0131l\u0131 bir anayasaya oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir, tek ve\u00a0 kapsaml\u0131 belgede yaz\u0131l\u0131rsa, sistemle\u015ftirilmi\u015f bir anayasan\u0131n somutla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir. Baz\u0131 anayasalar (Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k’\u0131n anayasas\u0131 gibi) yaz\u0131l\u0131\u00a0 olmamakla birlikte kanunlar, mahkeme davalar\u0131 veya antla\u015fmalar\u0131n i\u00e7erisinde yaz\u0131l\u0131 haldedir.<\/p>\n
1877’de Ernest de Sarzec taraf\u0131ndan Irak’ta yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131larda, M.\u00d6 2300 y\u0131l\u0131nda S\u00fcmerler’de Laga\u015f \u015fehir devleti kral\u0131 Urukagina taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan en eski yaz\u0131l\u0131 kanunlar\u0131n<\/strong> kan\u0131tlar\u0131 bulunmu\u015ftur. Belki de bir anayasa i\u00e7in en eski \u00f6rnek olan bu belgenin tamam\u0131 hen\u00fcz ke\u015ffedilmemi\u015ftir. Ancak vatanda\u015flar\u0131na baz\u0131 haklar tan\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini bildirmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, dul ve yetimlere vergi indirimi yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve fakirleri zengin tefecilerden korudu\u011fu bilinmektedir.<\/p>\n S\u00fcmerlerden sonra, bir\u00e7ok devlet, \u00f6zel yaz\u0131l\u0131 kanunlarla y\u00f6netilmi\u015ftir. Halihaz\u0131rda bilinen en eski belge Ur \u015fehrine ait Ur-Nammu Kanunlar\u0131 M\u00d6 2050<\/strong> y\u0131l\u0131na aittir. Bilinen eski hukuk kurallar\u0131n\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u0130sin Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 Lipit-\u0130\u015ftar Kanunlar\u0131, Babil Hammurabi Kanunlar\u0131, Hitit Kanunlar\u0131, Asur kanunlar\u0131<\/strong> ve Hz. Musa’n\u0131n Mozaik Kanunlar\u0131<\/strong> bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n M.\u00d6. 621’de Draco adl\u0131 bir katip, Atina \u015eehir Devletinin ac\u0131mas\u0131z s\u00f6zl\u00fc yasalar\u0131n\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131 hale getirmi\u015ftir. Bu belgelerde, bir\u00e7ok su\u00e7 i\u00e7in \u00f6l\u00fcm cezas\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu (g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131r cezalar genellikle “Draconian” yani “Drakon yasalar\u0131 gibi gaddar” olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor). M.\u00d6. 594’te, Atina h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Solon, yeni Solon Anayasas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturdu. \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc hafifletti ve egemen s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n do\u011fu\u015ftan (aristokrasi) de\u011fil, servete (plutokrasi) dayal\u0131 oldu\u011funu belirledi. Antik yunanda bir soylu olan Kleistenes Atina anayasas\u0131n\u0131 yeniden bi\u00e7imlendirdi ve M.\u00d6. 508 y\u0131l\u0131nda demokratik bir temelde yeniden kurdu.<\/p>\n Aristoteles (yakla\u015f\u0131k 350 M\u00d6), s\u0131radan hukuk ve anayasa hukuku aras\u0131nda resmi bir ayr\u0131m yapan, anayasa ve anayasac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n fikirlerini belirleyen ve farkl\u0131 anayasal h\u00fck\u00fcmet bi\u00e7imlerini s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma giri\u015fiminde bulunan ilk ki\u015fiydi. Genel anlamda bir anayasay\u0131 tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 en temel tan\u0131m \u201cbir devletteki ofislerin d\u00fczeni\u201d idi. Atina Anayasas\u0131, Siyaset ve Nicomachean Ethics Anayasas\u0131 adl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda, Atina, Sparta ve Kartaca’n\u0131n da dahil oldu\u011fu zaman\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131 anayasalar\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Hem iyi hem de k\u00f6t\u00fc g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u015feyleri s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rd\u0131 ve en iyi anayasan\u0131n monar\u015fik, aristokratik ve demokratik unsurlar\u0131 da i\u00e7eren karma bir sistem oldu\u011fu sonucuna vard\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca, devlete kat\u0131lma hakk\u0131 olan vatanda\u015flar, vatanda\u015f olmayanlar ve k\u00f6leler aras\u0131nda ayr\u0131mlar\u0131 yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n Romal\u0131lar ilk olarak anayasalar\u0131n\u0131 M\u00d6 450’de g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Avrupa Hukuku’nun temelini olu\u015fturan 12 Levha Kanunlar\u0131 olarak yazd\u0131lar. Zaman zaman eklemeler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir dizi yasa alt\u0131nda i\u015flemi\u015flerdi, ancak Roma yasas\u0131 Theodosius kanunlar\u0131na\u00a0 (M.\u00d6 438) kadar tek bir kitap olarak d\u00fczenlenmedi. Daha sonra, Do\u011fu \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu anayasas\u0131 Codex repetit\u00e6 pr\u00e6lectionis (534) Avrupa \u00e7ap\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a etkiliydi. Bunu do\u011fuda Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nda III. Leon’nun Ekloga’s\u0131 (740) ve Basilica of Basil I (878) takip etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n M.\u00d6. 3. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Antik Hindistanda Maurya kral\u0131n\u0131n yazd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 33 kitabelik Asoka Fermanlar\u0131 y\u00f6netim i\u00e7in anayasal ilkeleri ortaya koymu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n Erken Orta\u00e7a\u011f’da Bat\u0131 Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu iktidar bo\u015flu\u011funu Almanlar doldurmu\u015f kendi yasalar\u0131n\u0131 yazd\u0131lar. Alman hukukunun ilklerden biri, Eurik’in Visigotik’i idi (471). Bunu, Almanlar ve Romal\u0131lar i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 yasalar uygulayan Lex Burgundionum takip etti; Pactus Alamannorum; ve Franks’in Salic Yasas\u0131, hepsi 500’den k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 506’da, Visigotlar\u0131n kral\u0131 olan Alarvi II’nin Breviarum’u veya “Lex Romana” adl\u0131 eseri, Codex Theodosianus’u daha \u00f6nceki Roma kanunlar\u0131yla birle\u015ftirmi\u015f ve peki\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Bir s\u00fcre sonra ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan sistemler aras\u0131nda Lombards’\u0131n Edictum Rothari (643), Lex Visigothorum (654), Lex Alamannorum (730) ve Lex Frisionum (yakla\u015f\u0131k 785) say\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n Japonya Prens \u015e\u014dkuku taraf\u0131ndan belirlenen 604 y\u0131l\u0131nda yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f on yedi madde anayasas\u0131, Asya siyasi tarihinde bir anayasan\u0131n ilk \u00f6rne\u011fidir. Budist \u00f6\u011fretilerden etkilenen belgede, devletin kendi kurumlar\u0131ndan ziyade sosyal ahlaka daha fazla odaklanmakta ve bir h\u00fck\u00fcmet anayasas\u0131nda dikkate de\u011fer bir erken giri\u015fimdir.<\/p>\n Medine T\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olarak da bilinen Medine Anayasas\u0131 (Arap\u00e7a: \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0646\u0647, \u1e62a\u1e25\u012bfat al-Mad\u012bna), Hz. Muhammed taraf\u0131ndan 622 y\u0131l\u0131nda haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Medine Anayasas\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar, Yahudiler ve putperestler dahil olmak \u00fczere \u00f6nemli kabileleri ve aileleri aras\u0131nda resmi bir anla\u015fma olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun ilk anayasas\u0131 1876’da kabul edildi ve 1908’de revize edildi.\u00a0Kurulu\u015fundan bu yana, modern T\u00fcrk devleti d\u00f6rt belge alt\u0131nda y\u00f6netilmektedir:<\/p>\n Mevcut anayasa 1980-1983 askeri cuntas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda halk\u0131n referandumuyla onayland\u0131. 1982’deki onay\u0131ndan bu yana, mevcut anayasa, T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti’ndeki bir\u00e7ok \u00f6nemli olay\u0131 ve de\u011fi\u015fimi g\u00f6zlemlemi\u015f, k\u00fcresel ve b\u00f6lgesel jeopolitik konjonkt\u00fcrlere ayak uydurmak i\u00e7in defalarca de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Son \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fiklikler 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131ld\u0131. 2011 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Mart ay\u0131nda 59. Maddede ufak bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" D\u00fcnyada ilk anayasa\u00a0hangi tarihte, nerede olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur? Anayasa, bir devletin veya ba\u015fka bir \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn y\u00f6netimini belirleyen bir dizi temel ilke ve\/veya kurallar b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bu kurallar birlikte, yani varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ne oldu\u011funu olu\u015fturur….<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":12116,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[3168],"class_list":["post-12115","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-toplum","tag-anayasa"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12115"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=12115"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12115\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12119,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12115\/revisions\/12119"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/12116"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=12115"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=12115"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=12115"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Aristoteles <\/a><\/h3>\n
Erken Orta \u00c7a\u011f<\/h3>\n
T\u00fcrkiye’de \u0130lk Anayasa<\/h3>\n
\n