Kitaplar\u0131n tarihi, yaz\u0131, tabletler, par\u015f\u00f6men ve papir\u00fcs tabakalar\u0131 sonras\u0131nda ka\u011f\u0131t ve matbaa gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli icatlar ile ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Teknolojinin geli\u015fmesi ile e-kitaplar sesli kitaplar ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a0En ba\u015ftan ba\u015flayal\u0131m. \u015eimdiye kadar yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ilk kitap hangisi, nerede ve ka\u00e7 y\u0131l\u0131nda yaz\u0131ld\u0131 merak ediyor musunuz?<\/p>\n
Yaz\u0131n\u0131n icad\u0131 ile ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ilk yaz\u0131l\u0131 dil, arkaik \u00e7ivi yaz\u0131s\u0131yd\u0131. Eski S\u00fcmer uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n erken d\u00f6nemlerinde M.\u00d6. 3400 civar\u0131nda, “Dicle ile F\u0131rat Nehirleri aras\u0131ndaki b\u00f6lgede, \u015fu anda Irak’ta oldu\u011fu san\u0131lmaktad\u0131r” ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Piktografik bir dildi\u00a0ve bu yaz\u0131 kil tabletler \u00fczerine yaz\u0131l\u0131yordu. Daha \u00e7ok ticari ve idari listeler tutuluyordu.<\/p>\n
Bilinen ilk yaz\u0131l\u0131 hikaye, G\u0131lgam\u0131\u015f Destan\u0131d\u0131r. M.\u00d6. 2700-2500 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bir s\u00fcre h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne inan\u0131lan S\u00fcmer kenti Uruk h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Gilgamesh’in mitolojik hikayesinii anlatmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Hikayenin baz\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri vard\u0131r. Bilinen en eskiler M\u00d6 2100 civar\u0131na aittir. Ancak baz\u0131 s\u00fcmerologlar, bunlar\u0131n daha \u00f6nceki S\u00fcmer metinlerinin transkripsiyonlar\u0131 olabilece\u011fine inan\u0131yorlar. Entegre versiyonlar M\u00d6 2000-1700 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bulunmu\u015ftur. En eksiksiz \u201cstandart\u201d versiyonu ise M\u00d6 1500 – 1200 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda 12 kil tablete yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Helen \u00f6ncesi antik d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck ve ilk k\u00fct\u00fcphane<\/a> olan Ninova Asur Kral\u0131 Ashurbanipal\u00a0k\u00fct\u00fcphanesine<\/a> ait kal\u0131nt\u0131larda bulunmu\u015ftur.\u00a0\u015eu anda bu kil tabletler \u0130ngiltere’de Londra’da British Museum’da sergilenmektedir.<\/p>\n Papir\u00fcs’\u00fcn \u0130lk Hanedanl\u0131k kadar erken bir tarihte kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fi \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclse de, M.\u00d6. 2400’lere dayanan, Be\u015finci Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Kral\u0131 Neferirkare Kakai’nin s\u00f6zlerinin yaz\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu en eski Papir\u00fcs rulolar\u0131 bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n Papir\u00fcs kitaplar\u0131, toplam 10 metre veya daha uzun rulolar bi\u00e7imindeydi. III. Ramses’in Saltanat\u0131 gibi tarihi baz\u0131 kitaplar 40 metre uzunlu\u011fundayd\u0131. Bir\u00e7ok papir\u00fcs metni, dualar\u0131n ve kutsal metinlerin (M.\u00d6 2. biny\u0131ldan itibaren \u00d6l\u00fcler Kitab\u0131 gibi) yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kitaplard\u0131 ve m\u0131s\u0131r mezarlarda bulundu.<\/p>\n Par\u015f\u00f6men a\u015famal\u0131 olarak papir\u00fcs\u00fcn yerini ald\u0131. Efsane bulu\u015f, “par\u015f\u00f6men” Pergamon kral\u0131 Eumenes II’nin himayesi alt\u0131nda icat edilmi\u015ftir. Par\u015f\u00f6men, ad\u0131n\u0131 Pergamon (Bergama) kentinden al\u0131r ve burada m\u00fckemmelle\u015ftirildi\u011fi bilinmektedir. Pergamon’da (\u0130skenderiye K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi’ne rakip olan) b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u00fct\u00fcphane kuruldu.<\/p>\n M.\u00d6. 5. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan Yunan tarih\u00e7isi Herodotus (Bat\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnde “Tarihin Babas\u0131” olarak kabul edilir), derilerin o d\u00f6nemde yayg\u0131n olarak yaz\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Par\u015f\u00f6men \u00fcretimi M.\u00d6. 3. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ba\u015flad\u0131. Hayvanlar\u0131n (koyun, s\u0131\u011f\u0131r, e\u015fek, antilop vb.) derileri kullan\u0131larak yap\u0131lan par\u015f\u00f6menin korunmas\u0131 daha kolay d\u0131, daha kat\u0131yd\u0131 ve \u00fczerine yaz\u0131lanlar silinebiliyordu. Malzemenin nadirli\u011fi ve bir dok\u00fcman \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in gereken zaman nedeniyle \u00e7ok pahal\u0131 bir ka\u011f\u0131t t\u00fcr\u00fcyd\u00fc.<\/p>\n M.\u00d6. 2. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan \u00f6nce \u00c7in’de ka\u011f\u0131t icat edilene kadar yaz\u0131lar kemik, kabuk, tahta ve ipek \u00fczerine yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6\u011f\u00fcrtlen \u00e7al\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n kabu\u011funu kullanarak ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131 icat eden Ts’ai Lun’dan sonra metinler tahta blok bask\u0131 y\u00f6ntemi ile \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131ld\u0131; Budist metinlerin yay\u0131lmas\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli \u00fcretimin ana itici g\u00fcc\u00fc oldu. Kitab\u0131n format\u0131, katlanm\u0131\u015f akordeon stilinde idi.<\/p>\n Bilinen kesin bir tarih olmamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, MS 618 – 907 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Tang Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neminde ilk kitap bask\u0131s\u0131 \u00c7in’de ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. En eski bas\u0131l\u0131 kitap, Diamond Sutra’n\u0131n bir eseridir ve Tang Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neminde MS 868’e kadar uzan\u0131r. Diamond Sutra<\/strong>, tahta blok bask\u0131s\u0131 y\u00f6ntemi ile bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve bu bask\u0131 tipi, kitap bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n en erken a\u015famalar\u0131nda el yaz\u0131s\u0131yla yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f metinlerin \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in ortak bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n Tahta blok bask\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 titiz ve zaman al\u0131c\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7ten dolay\u0131, bask\u0131 tarihinin \u00f6nemli bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olan Bi Sheng, hareketli tip bask\u0131 s\u00fcrecini icat etti (MS 1041-1048). Bi Sheng, yaz\u0131l\u0131 metnin, seramik veya kil malzemeden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imlendirilmi\u015f karakter tipleri kullan\u0131larak kopyalanabilece\u011fi bir bask\u0131 s\u00fcreci geli\u015ftirdi. Hareketli tip bask\u0131 y\u00f6ntemi daha sonra Johannes Gutenberg taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirildi.<\/p>\n 1377 de hareketli tip bask\u0131 kullan\u0131larak bas\u0131lan ilk kitap Jikji asl\u0131 kitap olarak biliniyor.\u00a0Koryo taraf\u0131ndan bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Asya’da kullan\u0131lan hareketli tip sistemden geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi bilinen ilk hareketli tip bask\u0131 sistemi, Alman bir kuyumcu Johannes Gutenberg taraf\u0131ndan taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirildi.<\/p>\n Madeni paralar ve kal\u0131plar i\u00e7in z\u0131mba kesme tekni\u011fine a\u015fina olan Johannes, el kal\u0131plar\u0131 ad\u0131 verilen bir cihaz kullanarak matrislerden d\u00f6k\u00fcm harflerinin metal hareketli tipte bir sistemini geli\u015ftirdi. Matrisin kendisi, Johannes taraf\u0131ndan ke\u015ffedilen bir kur\u015fun ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndan (tip metal olarak bilinir) \u00fcretildi. Bu ala\u015f\u0131m, sonunda tipografi ve yaz\u0131 tiplerine yol a\u00e7an daha dayan\u0131kl\u0131 ve tekd\u00fcze bask\u0131lar\u0131n geli\u015fmesini sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n El kal\u0131b\u0131, ortalama kitab\u0131n bas\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli olan b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarlarda ucuz kopyalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcretmenin ilk pratik y\u00f6ntemiydi. Bu, bilginin yaz\u0131lmas\u0131 ve yazd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda devrim yaratan ve do\u011frudan bask\u0131 makinesi kullan\u0131lan ger\u00e7ekten an\u0131tsal bir bulu\u015f olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n Matbba modern d\u00f6nemin en \u00f6nemli olay\u0131 olarak kabul edilir ve R\u00f6nesans, Reform ve Bilimsel Devrimin geli\u015fmesinde kilit rol oynar ve ayn\u0131 zamanda kitlelere bir \u00f6\u011frenme arac\u0131 yayar ve modernitenin temelini olu\u015fturur. Pratik olarak t\u00fcm hareketli tip bask\u0131lar, Gutenberg’in ikinci biny\u0131l\u0131n en \u00f6nemli icad\u0131 olarak kabul edilen metal ala\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 hareketli tipten t\u00fcretilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Gutenberg \u0130ncil’i Gutenberg’in yeni hareketli tip matbaa bask\u0131s\u0131 ile bas\u0131lan ilk kitap oldu.\u00a0Gutenberg \u0130ncili, bat\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda ikonik bir stat\u00fcye sahiptir ve y\u00fcksek sanatsal ve estetik nitelikleri nedeniyle \u00e7ok de\u011ferlidir. Halihaz\u0131rda var olan 21 tam kopya oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor ve sat\u0131\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131 halinde d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en pahal\u0131 kitaplar\u0131 olarak kabul ediliyorlar.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" D\u00fcnyada ilk kitap nerede, ne zaman yaz\u0131ld\u0131 ve bas\u0131ld\u0131? Kitaplar\u0131n tarihi, yaz\u0131, tabletler, par\u015f\u00f6men ve papir\u00fcs tabakalar\u0131 sonras\u0131nda ka\u011f\u0131t ve matbaa gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli icatlar ile ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Teknolojinin geli\u015fmesi ile e-kitaplar…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":12137,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[2134],"class_list":["post-12134","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-egitim","tag-kitap"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12134"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=12134"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12134\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12149,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12134\/revisions\/12149"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/12137"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=12134"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=12134"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=12134"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Papir\u00fcs Kitaplar<\/h3>\n
Par\u015f\u00f6men Kitaplar<\/h3>\n
Bas\u0131l\u0131 \u0130lk Ka\u011f\u0131t Kitap<\/h3>\n
Gutenberg Matbaas\u0131<\/h3>\n