Sokrates \u00f6ncesi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrler felsefe okulu M\u00d6 6. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Milet \u0130yonya’da yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Milet ve \u00e7evresi zaman\u0131n g\u00fcncel fikirlerinin geli\u015fmekte olan bir ticaret merkeziydi. \u0130yonya Okulu, Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes, Heraclitus, Anaxagoras ve Archelaus gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerden olu\u015fuyordu. Bu grubun kolektif yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Aristoteles taraf\u0131ndan Physiologoi (\u201cdo\u011fa \u00fczerinde konu\u015fanlar\u201d) olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan felsefeciler olmalar\u0131\u00a0idi. Bazen kozmologlar olarak an\u0131l\u0131rlar, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc maddenin do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde fizik\u00e7i idiler.<\/p>\n
\u00c7o\u011fu kozmolog, maddenin bir formdan di\u011ferine de\u011fi\u015fmesine ra\u011fmen, t\u00fcm maddenin de\u011fi\u015fmeyen ortak bir \u015feyleri oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Her \u015feyin ortak neyle ilgili oldu\u011fukonusunda anla\u015famad\u0131lar. Bunu ke\u015ffetmeyi denemediler, fakat din veya mitolojiden ziyade soyut ak\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fctme y\u00f6ntemlerini a\u00e7\u0131klamak i\u00e7in kulland\u0131lar ve b\u00f6ylece Bat\u0131 gelene\u011finin ilk filozoflar\u0131 oldular.<\/p>\n
Daha sonraki filozoflar \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 di\u011fer d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce alanlar\u0131n\u0131 da kapsayacak \u015fekilde geni\u015fletti. \u00d6rne\u011fin Elea okulu, epistemolojiyi ya da insanlar\u0131n var olan\u0131 nas\u0131l bildi\u011fini de inceledi. Fakat \u0130yonyal\u0131lar bildi\u011fimiz ilk filozoflar grubuydu ve tarihsel olarak \u00f6nemli idiler.<\/p>\n
Miletli Thales (M.\u00d6. 624 – M.\u00d6. 546) en eski Bat\u0131l\u0131 filozof olarak kabul edilir. Ondan \u00f6nce, Yunanl\u0131lar antropomorfik tanr\u0131lar ve kahramanlar\u0131n efsaneleri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla d\u00fcnyan\u0131n k\u00f6kenini ve do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m ve deprem gibi fenomenler, tanr\u0131lar\u0131n eylemlerine atfedildi. Thales ise do\u011fa\u00fcst\u00fc referanslar olmaks\u0131z\u0131n, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n do\u011falc\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131n\u0131 bulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Depremleri, D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n su \u00fczerinde y\u00fczd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc hayal ederek a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131 ve D\u00fcnya dalgalar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman depremler meydana gelir dedi. Thales’in en \u00fcnl\u00fc inanc\u0131, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n sudan olu\u015ftu\u011funu iddia eden kozmolojik doktriniydi.<\/p>\n
Anaximander (M.\u00d6 610 – M.\u00d6 546) kozmolojik bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yazd\u0131, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bunlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. Birka\u00e7 par\u00e7adan \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fimize g\u00f6re, ba\u015flang\u0131ca ya da ilk prensibe inand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ilk olarak Anaximander’\u0131n yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda bulunan ve muhtemelen icat etti\u011fi bir kelime olan Arkhe, ne ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ne de bozulmaya maruz kalan sonsuz, s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bir kitle (apeiron) s\u00fcrekli olarak alg\u0131layabilece\u011fimiz her \u015feyin t\u00fcretildi\u011fi yeni malzemeler \u00fcretmektedir dem\u015ftir. (Arkhe = “ilke”, “temel”, “ana madde”)<\/p>\n
Miletli Anaximenes (M.\u00d6 585 – M.\u00d6. 528), kendi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce okulundaki di\u011ferleri gibi, maddi monizm (bircili\u011fi) uygulad\u0131 ve havan\u0131n Arkhe (“ilke”, “temel”, “ana madde”) oldu\u011funa inan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n
Efes’li Heraclitus (Herakleitos) (M.\u00d6 535 – M.\u00d6 475) Thales, Anaximander ve Pythagoras’la nihai maddenin do\u011fas\u0131 hakk\u0131nda ayn\u0131 fikirde de\u011fildi ve bunun yerine her \u015feyin Yunan klasik element ate\u015finden kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia ediyordu. Daha do\u011frusu hava, su veya topraktan. Herakleitos\u00a0i\u00e7in “Her \u015fey akar, hi\u00e7bir \u015fey durmaz.”d\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca \u015fu s\u00f6zleri ile de \u00fcnl\u00fcd\u00fcr: “Hi\u00e7bir insan ayn\u0131 \u0131rma\u011f\u0131 iki kez ge\u00e7emez, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ne insan ne de nehir ayn\u0131 de\u011fildir.”<\/p>\n
Klazomenai’l\u0131\u00a0Anaksagoras\u00a0(M.\u00d6. 510 – M.\u00d6 428 ) maddesel \u00f6zelli\u011fi, t\u00fcm nesli ve ayr\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131yla kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m ve ayr\u0131\u015fmaya i\u015faret eden sonsuz say\u0131da \u00e7ok say\u0131da ilkel element olarak g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. T\u00fcm maddeler bir kozmik zihin (nous) taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Archelaus, M.\u00d6. 5. y\u00fczy\u0131lda\u00a0muhtemelen Atina’da do\u011fmu\u015f bir Yunan filozofuydu. Anaxagoras’\u0131n bir \u00f6\u011frencisiydi ve Chios Ion (Diogenes La\u00ebrtius, ii. 23) taraf\u0131ndan Sokrates’in \u00f6\u011fretmeni oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenir. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 bunun sadece Sokrates’i \u0130yonya Okuluna ba\u011flamaya y\u00f6nelik bir giri\u015fim oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcyor; di\u011ferleri (\u00f6r. Gomperz, Yunan D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrleri) hikayeyi desteklemektedir. Archelaus’un belirli etik doktrinleri form\u00fcle etti\u011fi ifadesiyle benzer bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131r. Genelde Anaxagoras’\u0131 takip etti, ancak kozmolojisinde daha \u00f6nceki \u0130yonyal\u0131lara geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u0130yonyal\u0131 Filozoflar Sokrates \u00f6ncesi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrler felsefe okulu M\u00d6 6. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Milet \u0130yonya’da yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Milet ve \u00e7evresi zaman\u0131n g\u00fcncel fikirlerinin geli\u015fmekte olan bir ticaret merkeziydi. \u0130yonya Okulu, Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes, Heraclitus,…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":12216,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3117],"tags":[3172,3170,3169,3173,3171,1413],"class_list":["post-12213","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-insanlari","tag-anaksagoras","tag-anaksimenes","tag-anaximander","tag-archelaus","tag-heraklitos","tag-thales"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12213"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=12213"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12213\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12218,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12213\/revisions\/12218"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/12216"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=12213"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=12213"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=12213"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}