Gregor Mendel, geneti\u011fin babas\u0131 ve\u00a0Genetik biliminin kurucusudur.\u00a0Kal\u0131t\u0131m kurallar\u0131n\u0131n bir\u00e7o\u011funu tan\u0131mlad\u0131. Bu kurallar, kal\u0131t\u0131msal \u00f6zelliklerin nesiller boyunca nas\u0131l aktar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirledi.\u00a0Canl\u0131lar\u0131n sonraki nesillerinde de\u011fi\u015fmeden kalan bir \u015fey oldu\u011funu ve gelecek nesillere ge\u00e7ti\u011fini g\u00f6rd\u00fc.\u00a0\u015eimdi biz o \u015feye \u201cGen\u201d diyoruz.\u00a0Kal\u0131t\u0131msal \u00f6zelliklerin bir nesli atlayabildi\u011fini fark etti ve g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte kaybolan kal\u0131tsal \u00f6zellikler ba\u015fka bir jenerasyonda tekrar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilir dedi. Bunun \u00fczerine \u00e7ekinik \u00f6zellikleri ara\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.\u00a0Anne ve babadan yavruya ge\u00e7en resesif ve bask\u0131n \u00f6zellikleri ortaya koydu.\u00a0Bu \u00f6zelliklerin matematiksel olarak tahmin edilebilir bir \u015fekilde ebeveynlerden \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na ge\u00e7ti\u011fi belirledi.\u00a0Mendel\u2019in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 1900\u2019de, \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden 16 y\u0131l sonra ve ilk yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131ndan 34 y\u0131l sonra b\u00fcy\u00fck bir etki yaratt\u0131.<\/p>\n
Johann Mendel (do\u011fdu\u011funda ad\u0131 Gregor degildi) 20 Temmuz 1822’de Heinzendorf bei Odrau’da do\u011fdu. Bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u00f6y o zamanlar Avusturya \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’na ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131 fakat g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Vra\u017en\u00e9 ad\u0131yla \u00c7ek Cumhuriyeti’nde yer al\u0131yor.<\/p>\n
Mendel’in ailesi, onun e\u011fitim masraflar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6deyebilmek i\u00e7in fedak\u00e2rl\u0131klar yapan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ift\u00e7i bir aileydi.<\/p>\n
Liseyi 1840 y\u0131l\u0131nda iyi dereceyle bitirdi ve k\u00f6y\u00fcnden yakla\u015f\u0131k 60 km. uzakl\u0131kta bulunan Olomouc \u00dcniversitesi’ne girmeye hak kazand\u0131. 18 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki Mendel fizik, matematik ve felsefe dersleri ald\u0131.<\/p>\n
21 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken Mendel paras\u0131z kald\u0131. \u00d6\u011fretmenlerinden biri olan Fizik Profes\u00f6r\u00fc Friedrich Franz, Mendel’e bir ke\u015fi\u015f olarak Br\u00fcnn’de bulunan St. Thomas Manast\u0131r\u0131’na kat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 tavsiye etti. Bunu yaparak hem bilimle ilgilenebilir\u00a0hem de paras\u0131z kalmazd\u0131. Tavsiyeyi de\u011ferlendiren Mendel dine g\u00f6re bilimle daha \u00e7ok ilgilense de bir ke\u015fi\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n
Manast\u0131r asl\u0131nda, fen bilimleri e\u011fitimi alan\u0131nda iyi bir \u00fcne sahipti ve y\u00f6neticisi Abbot Franz Cyril Nap, \u00f6zellikle \u00e7iftliklerdeki bitki ve hayvanlar\u0131n kal\u0131t\u0131m\u00a0\u00f6zellikleriyle ilgileniyordu.<\/p>\n
Br\u00fcnn’e ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131 ve Manast\u0131r’a kat\u0131larak Gregor ad\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131. O zamandan sonra Johann Mendel olmay\u0131 b\u0131rakt\u0131 ve Gregor Mendel oldu.<\/p>\n
1846 y\u0131l\u0131nda, 24 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki Mendel, Br\u00fcnn Felsefe Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc’nde Profes\u00f6r Franz Diebl taraf\u0131ndan verilen meyve yeti\u015ftirme kurslar\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131. Diebl, bitki \u0131slah\u0131nda bir otoriteydi.<\/p>\n
Mendel 1847’de bir rahip oldu ve 1848’de kendi cemaatine sahip oldu. 1849’da bir papaz olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktan keyif alm\u0131yordu.\u00a01850 y\u0131l\u0131nda, 28 ya\u015f\u0131nda, kalifiye bir lise \u00f6\u011fretmeni olmak i\u00e7in gerekli olan s\u0131navlara girdi fakat ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamad\u0131.<\/p>\n
Bir y\u0131l sonra, kimya, biyoloji ve fizik okudu\u011fu Viyana \u00dcniversitesi’ne gitti. Bu konudaki bilgisini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirerek kalifikasyon s\u0131navlar\u0131na yeniden girmek istiyordu.<\/p>\n
Viyana \u00dcniversitesi’nde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 tamamlad\u0131ktan sonra 1854’te manast\u0131ra geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc ve gelecek 16 y\u0131l boyunca \u00f6\u011fretmenlik yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Br\u00fcnn’de bir okulda Fizik \u00f6\u011fretmeni olarak ders verdi.<\/p>\n
1856 y\u0131l\u0131nda, 34 ya\u015f\u0131nda, Mendel tekrar kalifiye lise \u00f6\u011fretmenli\u011fi s\u0131nav\u0131na girdi\u00a0ama yine kazanamad\u0131. Bu kez, ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle s\u0131navlar\u0131 tamamlayamad\u0131.<\/p>\n
Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l, bitkilerde kal\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n temel ve \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7an \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n
1865 y\u0131l\u0131nda, hala fizik bilimi ile ilgilenen, Avusturya Meteoroloji Derne\u011fi kurdu. Asl\u0131nda, hayat\u0131 boyunca Mendel, meteoroloji hakk\u0131nda biyolojiden daha \u00e7ok makale yay\u0131nlad\u0131.<\/p>\n
1866’da, kal\u0131t\u0131m \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131nlad\u0131. Ne yaz\u0131k ki, onu okuyan \u00e7o\u011fu insan makalesinin i\u00e7erdi\u011fi entelekt\u00fcel bilgiyi anlayamad\u0131.<\/p>\n
1867’de, 45 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken, Manast\u0131r Ba\u015frahibi oldu ve kendini y\u00f6neticilik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na adad\u0131.<\/p>\n
Olomouc’da ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi s\u00fcre boyunca Mendel iki \u00fcniversite profes\u00f6r\u00fcyle arkada\u015f oldu: fizik\u00e7i Friedrich Franz ve kal\u0131t\u0131mla ilgilenen bir tar\u0131m biyolo\u011fu olan Johann Karl Nestler.\u00a0Nestler, konuya ilgi duyan Mendel’i kal\u0131t\u0131m \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 konusunda cesaretlendiren ki\u015fi oldu.<\/p>\n
Mendel’in manast\u0131r\u0131 5 d\u00f6n\u00fcml\u00fck (2 hektar) bir bah\u00e7eye sahipti ve iki eski profes\u00f6r, Mendel’i deneyler i\u00e7in bah\u00e7eyi kullanabilece\u011fini s\u00f6ylediler.\u00a0Abbot Franz Cyril Nap ve Profes\u00f6r Franz Diebl da onu te\u015fvik edenler aras\u0131na kat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n
Mendel, kal\u0131t\u0131msal \u00f6zelliklerin nas\u0131l ge\u00e7ti\u011fi konusunda o g\u00fcne kadar yap\u0131lan a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131n yetersiz oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n
\u0130nsanlar bin y\u0131ll\u0131k seleksiyon konusunda bilgiliydiler. En arzu edilen \u00f6zellikleri g\u00f6steren bireylerden \u00fcreme yoluyla, gelecek nesillerin bu arzu edilen \u00f6zellikleri g\u00f6sterme olas\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n daha y\u00fcksek oldu\u011funu biliyorlard\u0131.\u00a0S\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar, \u00e7ok et veya \u00e7ok s\u00fct veren ve bo\u011fa veren ineklerden yeti\u015ftirilebilirdi.\u00a0Bu\u011fday, ertesi y\u0131l en bol mahsul\u00fc veren tohumlardan ekilebilirdi.\u00a0Mendel’in zaman\u0131ndaki ana kal\u0131t\u0131m teorisi, yavrular\u0131n iki ebeveynin \u00f6zelliklerinin d\u00fczg\u00fcn bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n
Mendel kendine kal\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n yasalar\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffetmek gibi \u00e7ok iddial\u0131 g\u00f6revi edindi.\u00a0Bunu ba\u015farmak i\u00e7in, her bir bitkinin birbirini takip eden nesillerde g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi \u00f6zellikleri ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 ve dikkatlice kaydetti. Bezelyeler \u00fczerinde y\u00fcksek derecede sistematik sekiz y\u0131ll\u0131k bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ba\u015flatt\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131k 30.000 bitkide b\u00fcy\u00fcmeyi ve kal\u0131tsal \u00f6zellikleri kaydetmeyi hedefliyordu.\u00a0Ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n anahtarlar\u0131ndan biri, \u00e7ok az say\u0131da kal\u0131tsal \u00f6zellikte farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6steren yak\u0131n t\u00fcrden bezelye \u00e7e\u015fitlerinin yeti\u015ftirilmesiydi.<\/p>\n
Mendel, t\u00fcm kal\u0131tsal \u00f6zellikler i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 buldu, ancak \u00f6rnek olarak \u00e7i\u00e7ek rengine bakaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n
Daha sonra ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapan bilim adamlar\u0131, Mendel’in sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n sadece bezelye bitkileri i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bulmu\u015flard\u0131r. \u0130nsanlar da dahil olmak \u00fczere \u00e7o\u011fu bitki ve hayvandaki s\u00fcrekli kal\u0131t\u0131m Mendel’in kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 takip eder.<\/p>\n
1900’de, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcten \u00fc\u00e7 bilim adam\u0131 heyecan verici sonu\u00e7lar elde etti.\u00a0Ancak, ge\u00e7mi\u015f literat\u00fcr\u00fc ara\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131nda, sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekten yeni olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 fark ettiler. Onlar\u0131n elde etti\u011fi sonu\u00e7lar, Mendel’in 34 y\u0131l \u00f6nce yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 unutulmu\u015f sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 do\u011frular nitelikteydi.\u00a0Mendel’in sonu\u00e7lar\u0131, bilim adamlar\u0131na kendi sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frulu\u011fu konusunda daha fazla g\u00fcven verdi ve yeni Genetik Bilimi ger\u00e7ekten do\u011fdu.<\/p>\n
Bilim adamlar\u0131 Carl Correns<\/strong>, Hugo de Vries<\/strong> ve Erich von Tschermak<\/strong>‘d\u0131.<\/p>\n Mendel\u2019in yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, tarihler de dahil olmak \u00fczere deneysel prosed\u00fcrler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a belirsizdi.\u00a0\u00c7ok \u00fcnl\u00fc bir genetik\u00e7i ve istatistik\u00e7i olan Ronald Fisher istatistikler testlere ba\u015flad\u0131. \u0130statistiksel testte ilk olarak \u201cs\u0131f\u0131r hipotez\u201d terimini kullanan Fisher oldu.<\/p>\n 1936’da Fisher, Mendel’in deneylerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi \u015fekilde ama bu sefer ka\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.\u00a0Ayr\u0131ca Mendel’in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n 1900’de yeniden ke\u015ffedilene kadar ni\u00e7in g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmek istedi.<\/p>\n Mendel\u2019in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemini g\u00f6rebilecek pozisyonda bulunan baz\u0131 ki\u015filerin bunu okumu\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, bunun \u00f6nemini anlamad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 tespit etti. Belki de bir rahibin ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu bitki melezleme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 tekrar etti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f olabilirlerdi.<\/p>\n Ronald Fisher, Mendel’in sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n istatistiksel analizinin ger\u00e7ek deneylerden \u00e7ok az rastgele hata g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini de kan\u0131tlad\u0131.<\/p>\n Fisher\u2019in analizi, 2000\u2019de 1 hata oran\u0131yla, Mendel\u2019in sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fru oldu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcnde bir sonu\u00e7 ortaya koydu.<\/p>\n Gregor Mendel, hi\u00e7 bir zaman gelecekteki tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n fitilini ate\u015fledi\u011fini ve genetik bilimlerini kurdu\u011funun fark\u0131nda olamad\u0131.\u00a0 6 Ocak 1884’te 61 ya\u015f\u0131nda b\u00f6brek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Gregor Mendel, geneti\u011fin babas\u0131 ve\u00a0Genetik biliminin kurucusudur.\u00a0Kal\u0131t\u0131m kurallar\u0131n\u0131n bir\u00e7o\u011funu tan\u0131mlad\u0131. Bu kurallar, kal\u0131t\u0131msal \u00f6zelliklerin nesiller boyunca nas\u0131l aktar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirledi.\u00a0Canl\u0131lar\u0131n sonraki nesillerinde de\u011fi\u015fmeden kalan bir \u015fey oldu\u011funu ve gelecek nesillere ge\u00e7ti\u011fini…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":12247,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3117],"tags":[1232,2771,1436],"class_list":["post-12234","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-insanlari","tag-genetik","tag-gregor-mendel","tag-kalitim"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12234"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=12234"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12234\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12248,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12234\/revisions\/12248"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/12247"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=12234"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=12234"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=12234"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Ronald Fisher ve Mendel’in Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n \u0130statistiksel Analizi<\/h4>\n
Gregor Mendel’in \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fc<\/h3>\n