{"id":128,"date":"2012-03-12T00:11:42","date_gmt":"2012-03-11T22:11:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.imaxi.net\/?p=128"},"modified":"2018-02-26T02:25:58","modified_gmt":"2018-02-26T00:25:58","slug":"stetoskopu-kim-buldu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=128","title":{"rendered":"Steteskopu kim buldu"},"content":{"rendered":"

Steteskop<\/strong>, solunum, dola\u015f\u0131m ve sindirim sistemlerinin durumlar\u0131n\u0131 akustik yolla incelemeye yarayan t\u0131bbi bir alettir. Stetoskop ilk olarak 1816 y\u0131l\u0131nda Frans\u0131z doktor Rene Laennec<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan, ci\u011ferlerden gelen sesleri doktorun kula\u011f\u0131na ileten\u00a0 i\u00e7i bo\u015f tahta silindir bi\u00e7iminde yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Steteskopun bug\u00fcnk\u00fc \u015feklini almas\u0131 ise 1850 y\u0131l\u0131nda olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Rene Laennec<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan icat edilen ilk steteskop arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla, doktor, hastas\u0131n\u0131n ci\u011ferlerinin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilirlik derecesi hakk\u0131nda \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck\u00a0 \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yan bilgiye sahip olabiliyordu. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru, bug\u00fcn bildi\u011fimiz\u00a0steteskoplar geli\u015ftirildi. Bunlar, g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs\u00a0 \u00fczerinde gezdirilebilen bir par\u00e7an\u0131n alg\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sesleri doktorun kula\u011f\u0131ndaki kulakl\u0131\u011fa ileten lastik boru sisteminden meydana geliyordu. Stetoskoplar, doktorlar\u0131n kalp ve akci\u011fer muayenesinde yararland\u0131klar\u0131 ilk ve en basit alet olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bilim adamlar\u0131, \u00e7ok eski zamanlardan beri insan\u0131n kalp at\u0131\u015flar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda fikir sahibiydiler. M.\u00d6. 400 y\u0131l\u0131nda Hipokrat, kalpten gelen sesleri, g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs kafesinin i\u00e7inde kaynayan sirkeye benzetmi\u015fti. 17. y\u00fczy\u0131lda William Harvey, bu sesi akan suyun \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015f\u0131r\u0131lt\u0131 olarak a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Steteskop’u kim icat etti<\/h2>\n

1816 y\u0131l\u0131nda Dr. Rene Theophile Hyancinthe Laennec<\/strong>, ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131 rulo yaparak bir ucunu hastan\u0131n kalbine di\u011fer ucunu kula\u011f\u0131na dayay\u0131p kalp sesini dinledi. K\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra rulo ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131n yerini bir t\u00fcp ald\u0131 ve bu da stetoskobun ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 oldu. Yunanca bir kelime olan stetoskop; stetos (g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs) ve skopein (bakmak) kelimelerinin birle\u015fmesinden olu\u015fur. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki haline gelmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli malzemelerle deneyler yap\u0131ld\u0131. En iyi ses iletimi, 30 cm. lik tahta silindirden elde edildi. Bu alet ile kalp sesleri daha net ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n

1829’da, Dr. Charles Williams<\/strong>, Laennec stetoskobunu iki par\u00e7aya b\u00f6lerek geli\u015ftirdi ve de\u011fi\u015fik a\u00e7\u0131lara b\u00fck\u00fcl\u00fcp katlanabilen bir cihaz haline getirdi. 1830 ve 1840 y\u0131llar\u0131nda tek kulaktan dinlemeli ve dayan\u0131kl\u0131 kau\u00e7uktan, doktorlar\u0131n kalp ve akci\u011fer dinlemelerine a\u00e7\u0131sal hareketlerle kullan\u0131m kolayl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flayan stetoskoplar geli\u015ftirildi. 1852’de ilk \u00e7ift kulakl\u0131kl\u0131 stetoskoplar kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Amerika’dan P. Camman ve \u0130ngiltere’den Alfred Leared, ayn\u0131 zamanlarda bu aleti de\u011fi\u015fik formlarda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Camman taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretilen cihaz; 1 in\u00e7’lik ah\u015fap \u00e7an ba\u011fl\u0131 t\u00fcplere do\u011fru incelen spiral telli, yayla metal dinleme t\u00fcplerine ba\u011fl\u0131, kullan\u0131m\u0131 kolay ve konforlu idi. Sonraki 40 y\u0131lda stetoskop tasar\u0131m\u0131 \u00e7ok az de\u011fi\u015fime u\u011frad\u0131.<\/p>\n

1894’te \u0130talyan Bianchi ile Amerikal\u0131 m\u00fchendis R.C.M. Bowles’\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs kafesi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Bunlar\u0131 diyafram ve \u00e7an\u0131n yararlar\u0131 \u00fczerine tart\u0131\u015fmalar izledi. \u00c7an ve diyaframa olan ihtiya\u00e7 art\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile 1926’da Lad Howard Sprague ilk \u00e7an ve diyafram birle\u015fimini bug\u00fcnk\u00fc \u015fekline getirdi.<\/p>\n

1940’ta Dr.Sprague, Maurice Rappaport ile birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak stetoskobun bilimsel fizik prensiplerini belirledi.<\/p>\n

1958\u2019de \u0130ngiliz kardiyolog Dr. Aulrey Leatham’\u0131n stetoskobu, sadece \u00e7an ve diyafram birle\u015fimi olmay\u0131p, ilkinin i\u00e7inde ikinci en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7an\u0131 i\u00e7eriyordu. Bir manivela sayesinde \u00e7ocuklar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ma imk\u00e2n sa\u011fl\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

1961’de Amplivex taraf\u0131ndan elektronik stetoskop geli\u015ftirildi. Bu cihaz vakumlu t\u00fcp teknolojisi ile avantaj sa\u011fl\u0131yordu. Uygun a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve uygun boyu ile kullan\u0131ma elveri\u015fli bir cihaz oldu.<\/p>\n

Steteskop Nas\u0131l \u00c7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r?<\/h2>\n

V\u00fccut i\u00e7 organlar\u0131ndan gelen sesler, doktorlar\u0131n, sistemin normal \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131p \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamalar\u0131na yard\u0131m eder. Mesela kalpten gelen sesler 60 ile 500 Hz aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fir. Kalbin geni\u015fledi\u011fi anda \u00fcst taraf\u0131ndan gelen 60 Hz. alt\u0131ndaki kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k sesler, kalp kapak\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131nda ar\u0131za oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir. 1400 Hz civar\u0131nda h\u0131\u015f\u0131rt\u0131l\u0131 duyulan ses ise ci\u011ferlerde bir rahats\u0131zl\u0131k oldu\u011funa i\u015faret eder. Akustik stetoskoplar esasen sesi y\u00fckseltmeden kula\u011fa ta\u015f\u0131ma i\u015flemini yaparlar. Modern bir stetoskopta zil bi\u00e7iminde ve diyaframl\u0131 yuvarlak kapak bi\u00e7iminde al\u0131c\u0131 u\u00e7 vard\u0131r. U\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ap\u0131 2.87 cm olan zil, v\u00fccuda oturtulur. V\u00fccut derisi bu zilin a\u011fz\u0131nda diyafram gibi g\u00f6rev yaparak i\u00e7 organlardan gelen sesi titre\u015fimle iletir. Diyaframl\u0131 k\u0131sm\u0131n \u00e7ap\u0131 4.37 cm, derinli\u011fi 0.33 cm\u2019dir. Diyafram\u0131 ince bakalitten yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Stetoskop zil al\u0131c\u0131, daha ziy\u00e2de 30\u00f7500 Hz aras\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck frekansl\u0131 sesleri dinlemeye elveri\u015flidir. Diyafram al\u0131c\u0131 ise 200\u00f71400 Hz aras\u0131 daha y\u00fcksek frekansl\u0131 sesleri dinlemeye yarar. Stetoskop al\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 iki yumu\u015fak hortum ile kula\u011fa uzan\u0131r. Kula\u011fa tak\u0131lan k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 yine metal olup, d\u0131\u015fardan gelen g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcleri engellemesi i\u00e7in 1.27\u00f71.60 cm \u00e7ap\u0131nda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. D\u0131\u015fardan gelen g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcler, \u00f6zellikle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck frekans dinlemelerini olumsuz y\u00f6nde etkileyebilir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Steteskop, solunum, dola\u015f\u0131m ve sindirim sistemlerinin durumlar\u0131n\u0131 akustik yolla incelemeye yarayan t\u0131bbi bir alettir. Stetoskop ilk olarak 1816 y\u0131l\u0131nda Frans\u0131z doktor Rene Laennec taraf\u0131ndan, ci\u011ferlerden gelen sesleri doktorun kula\u011f\u0131na ileten\u00a0…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10160,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[1713,107,108],"class_list":["post-128","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-saglik","tag-rene-laennec","tag-steteskop","tag-stetoskop"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/128"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=128"}],"version-history":[{"count":19,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/128\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10161,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/128\/revisions\/10161"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/10160"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=128"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=128"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=128"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}