{"id":149,"date":"2012-02-16T02:54:42","date_gmt":"2012-02-16T00:54:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.imaxi.net\/?p=149"},"modified":"2018-02-26T02:07:04","modified_gmt":"2018-02-26T00:07:04","slug":"murekkepi-kim-buldu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=149","title":{"rendered":"M\u00fcrekkep’i kim buldu"},"content":{"rendered":"

Eski M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar ve \u00c7inliler, lamba isini su ve tutkalla kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak m\u00fcrekkep yapmas\u0131n\u0131 biliyorlard\u0131. Lamba isinden elde edilen m\u00fcrekkepler, Orta\u00e7a\u011f’da Avrupa’da da kullan\u0131ld\u0131. 1400’l\u00fc y\u0131llar\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda ise, Alman matbaac\u0131 Johann Gutenberg<\/strong> ya\u011f esasl\u0131 bask\u0131 m\u00fcrekkeplerini geli\u015ftirdi.\u00a0 As\u0131l yaz\u0131 m\u00fcrekkebini ise, 1834 y\u0131l\u0131nda, \u0130ngiltere’de Henry Stephens<\/strong> \u00fcretti ve 15 y\u0131l sonra da yo\u011fun bi\u00e7imde kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Sentetik m\u00fcrekkepler ise, 1860’l\u0131 y\u0131llarda \u0130ngiltere ve Almanya’da yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

M\u00fcrekkep, i\u00e7inde bulunan terkiplere ve kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlere g\u00f6re; hat m\u00fcrekkebi, yaz\u0131 ve \u00e7izim m\u00fcrekkebi ve matbaa m\u00fcrekkebi olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 ana gruba ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Hat m\u00fcrekkebi<\/h2>\n

Hattatlar taraf\u0131ndan gerek hat sanat\u0131 ve gerekse el yaz\u0131s\u0131 olarak yaz\u0131lan yaz\u0131larda kullan\u0131lan bir m\u00fcrekkep \u00e7e\u015fididir. Genel olarak bu m\u00fcrekkebin terkipleri, is ve zamktan meydana gelmektedir. \u0130ste kimyevi \u00f6zellik bak\u0131m\u0131ndan bol miktarda karbon bulunmas\u0131 sebebiyle \u0131\u015f\u0131ktan ve havadan etkilenmez. \u0130si, bezirya\u011f\u0131, neftya\u011f\u0131, zeytinya\u011f\u0131, \u00e7\u0131ra, gazya\u011f\u0131 ve lastik gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli maddelerden elde etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. En iyi is m\u00fcrekkebi, keten tohumundan \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lan bezirya\u011f\u0131ndan elde edilir. Gazya\u011f\u0131ndan ve araba lasti\u011finden elde edilen isten de iyi m\u00fcrekkep elde edildi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenir. Hat m\u00fcrekkebinin ikinci ara maddesini meydana getiren zamka, \u201czamk-\u0131 arab\u00ee\u201d denir. Zamk-\u0131 arab\u00ee, a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n (\u00e7am a\u011fac\u0131, erik a\u011fac\u0131 gibi) yara alm\u0131\u015f kabuk k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131ndan tabi\u00ee olarak \u00e7\u0131kan yap\u0131\u015fkan bir m\u00e2yinin ad\u0131d\u0131r. Bal\u0131n belirli bir k\u0131vamda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 da zamk-\u0131 arab\u00ee yerine ge\u00e7ebilir. Hat sanat\u0131nda m\u00fcrekkebin ayr\u0131 bir yeri ve \u00f6nemi vard\u0131r. Yaz\u0131lan yaz\u0131lar\u0131n bozulmadan nesilden nesile intikali, ancak m\u00fcrekkebin kalitesine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu sebepten hattatlar, m\u00fcrekkep se\u00e7imine \u00e7ok\u00a0 dikkat ederlerdi.<\/p>\n

Yaz\u0131 ve \u00e7izim m\u00fcrekkebi<\/h2>\n

Bu m\u00fcrekkebi, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde kullan\u0131lan m\u00fcrekkep \u00e7e\u015fitleri ihtiva etmektedir. Boya maddesi olarak sentetik pigmentler kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc m\u00fcrekkeplerde y\u0131kanabilirlik \u00f6zellik de aranmaktad\u0131r. Kalitesinin artmas\u0131 i\u00e7in demirs\u00fclfat, gallik ve tannik gibi asitler de kat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1940 senelerinden sonra t\u00fckenmez kalem (bilyal\u0131 u\u00e7), ke\u00e7e kalem, ince u\u00e7 fiber kalemler ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nca, m\u00fcrekkep yap\u0131m\u0131nda da de\u011fi\u015fmeler olmu\u015ftur. M\u00fcrekkep i\u00e7ine, gropilen glikol, propil alkol, toulen, gliko eter gibi organik maddeler de kat\u0131l\u0131r. Bunlar m\u00fcrekkebe, ak\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131k ve kuruma \u00f6zellikleri vermektedir.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ini m\u00fcrekkebi<\/h2>\n

\u00c7ini m\u00fcrekkebi \u00e7izim maksad\u0131na uygundur. \u00c7ini m\u00fcrekkebi, rafine edilmi\u015f lamba siyah\u0131n\u0131n suda eriyi\u011fidir. Buna \u201cHind\u201d m\u00fcrekkebi de denir. Modesu \u00e7ini m\u00fcrekkepleri, karbon yerine \u00e7e\u015fitli mineral pigmentleri ihtiv\u00e2 eder.<\/p>\n

Matbaa m\u00fcrekkepleri<\/h2>\n

On be\u015finci y\u00fczy\u0131lda g\u00f6r\u00fclen ilk matbaa m\u00fcrekkebi, keten tohumu ile tabi\u00ee re\u00e7inenin karbon karas\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0 kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Modern bask\u0131 sistemlerinde kullan\u0131lan m\u00fcrekkepler sentetik pigmentler, yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar, solventler ihtiva eder. Bask\u0131 cinsine g\u00f6re \u00e7abuk veya ge\u00e7 kuruyan m\u00fcrekkepler vard\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca kuruma zaman\u0131, bask\u0131 makinas\u0131nda d\u0131\u015fardan da kontrol edilir. Kuruma kobalt veya kur\u015fun ile h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131labilir. B\u00e2z\u0131 m\u00fcrekkepler tatbik edildi\u011fi \u015fartlarda emilerek kurur. Gazetelerde bu t\u00fcr m\u00fcrekkepler kullan\u0131l\u0131r. M\u00fcrekkep i\u00e7erisine \u00e7abuk u\u00e7ucu solventler konulursa bask\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra solvent, normal s\u0131cakl\u0131kta hemen u\u00e7arak geride re\u00e7ineli boya maddesini b\u0131rak\u0131r. Bu \u00f6zelli\u011fiyle matbaada daha pratik bir yap\u0131ya kavu\u015fmu\u015f olur. \u00c7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 bir geli\u015fme ve\u00a0de\u011fi\u015fme i\u00e7erisinde bulunan matbaac\u0131l\u0131kta m\u00fcrekkebin \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir yeri vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Eski M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar ve \u00c7inliler, lamba isini su ve tutkalla kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak m\u00fcrekkep yapmas\u0131n\u0131 biliyorlard\u0131. Lamba isinden elde edilen m\u00fcrekkepler, Orta\u00e7a\u011f’da Avrupa’da da kullan\u0131ld\u0131. 1400’l\u00fc y\u0131llar\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda ise, Alman matbaac\u0131 Johann Gutenberg…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10144,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[126,128,129],"class_list":["post-149","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-egitim","tag-henry-stephens","tag-johann-gutenberg","tag-murekkep"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/149"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=149"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/149\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10145,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/149\/revisions\/10145"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/10144"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=149"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=149"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=149"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}