{"id":1590,"date":"2011-10-10T00:00:26","date_gmt":"2011-10-09T22:00:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=1590"},"modified":"2018-10-03T16:10:13","modified_gmt":"2018-10-03T14:10:13","slug":"genetik-muhendisligini-kim-buldu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=1590","title":{"rendered":"Genetik M\u00fchendisli\u011fi’ni kim buldu, kurucusu kim"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Bilimsel bir alan olarak Genetik, 1900’l\u00fc y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Avusturyal\u0131 bir rahip ve bilim adam\u0131 Gregor Mendel<\/strong><\/a>‘in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ile ba\u015flad\u0131.\u00a0Mendel’in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda zaman i\u00e7erisinde bu konu \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir \u00e7ok bilim adam\u0131n\u0131n katk\u0131lar\u0131 ile Genetik M\u00fchendisli\u011fi<\/strong> ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n

1940’lardan 1950’lere kadar bitki yeti\u015ftirenler, tohumlar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015ftirildi\u011fini uzun zaman \u00f6ncelerden beri biliyorlard\u0131 Fakat 1944 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Oswald Avery<\/strong>, Colin McLeod<\/strong> ve Maclyn McCarty<\/strong> DNA’n\u0131n genetik bilginin ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 oldu\u011funu ke\u015ffetti. Bu ke\u015fif, DNA ve \u00f6zellikleri \u00fczerinde yo\u011fun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131lmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131.\u00a0Watson<\/strong> ve Crick<\/strong>, DNA’n\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan kodu 1953 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7\u00f6zerek genetik m\u00fchendisli\u011fi ile ilgili alt\u0131n de\u011ferinde bir ad\u0131m at\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

1960’l\u0131 y\u0131llarda Ian Wilmut<\/strong>, memeli hayvanlar\u0131n h\u00fccrelerini kullan\u0131larak, hayvan klonlama ile ilgili teknikler geli\u015ftirmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.\u00a01968 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130svi\u00e7re mikrobiyolog Werner Arber restriksiyon enzimi ke\u015ffetti. Ertesi y\u0131l tip II restriksiyon enzimleri Amerikal\u0131 biyolog Hamilton Smith<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131.\u00a0Bu ke\u015fif, Daniel Nathan<\/strong> eserleri ile birlikte, DNA ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131nda yeni bir \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n

1970’li y\u0131llarda Genetik M\u00fchendisli\u011fi<\/h2>\n

1970’li y\u0131llarda genetik m\u00fchendisli\u011fi alan\u0131nda yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda bir art\u0131\u015f ya\u015fand\u0131.\u00a0Deneylerin \u00e7o\u011fu bakteri ve mikroorganizmalar ile ilgili oldu.\u00a0Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda \u00f6zellikle plazmid \u00fczerinde duruldu ve bakterilerde DNA halkalar\u0131 ke\u015ffedildi.\u00a0Bu ke\u015fifler ve deneyler gen izolasyonu ve de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi ile ilgili teknikler \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. Genetik m\u00fchendisli\u011fi tarihinin en hayati d\u00f6nemi ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f oldu. Yap\u0131lan ke\u015fifler bilim adamlar\u0131na, bitki ya da h\u00fccre i\u00e7ine farkl\u0131 bitki veya h\u00fccre genlerini eklemek, yani bitkinin geneti\u011finin de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesinin yolunu a\u00e7t\u0131. Bu gen de\u011fi\u015ftirme i\u015flemleri ayn\u0131 zamanda hayvanlar \u00fczerinde deneyleri yap\u0131labilir k\u0131ld\u0131. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar tip I ve II enzimlerin genetik ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n kilidi oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p>\n

1973 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Herbert Boyer<\/strong> ve Stanley Cohen<\/strong> DNA par\u00e7alama ve di\u011fer DNA par\u00e7alar\u0131 ile birle\u015ftirme i\u00e7in bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Sonradan eklenen genler ile yeni bakteri t\u00fcrlerinin yap\u0131labildi\u011fini kan\u0131tlad\u0131lar. Daha sonralar\u0131, bulunan bu teknik ins\u00fclin \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lacakt\u0131r.\u00a0Ulusal Sa\u011fl\u0131k Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc 1976 y\u0131l\u0131nda DNA kesimi i\u00e7in k\u0131lavuzlar yay\u0131nlad\u0131.<\/p>\n

1980’li ve 1990’l\u0131 y\u0131llarda\u00a0Genetik M\u00fchendisli\u011fi<\/h2>\n

1980 li y\u0131llarda bakteriyel olarak \u00fcretilen ins\u00fcline FDA onay\u0131 verildi. Genetik m\u00fchendisli\u011fi tarihinde ilk kez, bilim adamlar\u0131, bir fareye insan b\u00fcy\u00fcme hormonu yerle\u015ftirdi.\u00a0Sonu\u00e7 olarak fare iki kat\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011fe ula\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

1982 y\u0131l\u0131nda, bilim adamlar\u0131 bir meyve genini ba\u015fka bir meyveye ba\u015far\u0131yla ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131 ve bitki genlerini de\u011fi\u015f toku\u015f etmenin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterdi.\u00a01986 y\u0131l\u0131nda, genetik olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f ilk vir\u00fcs a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 sat\u0131\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.\u00a0Ertesi y\u0131l, gen ta\u015f\u0131ma i\u015flemlerinin, \u00e7evre i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir tehlike arzetmeyece\u011fi sonucuna var\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

1997 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ian Wilmut ve arkada\u015flar\u0131, bir memeli hayvan h\u00fccrelerinden klonlanm\u0131\u015f ilk hayvan\u0131 \u00fcretti. Bu herkesin yak\u0131ndan tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 me\u015fhur koyun Dolly idi.<\/p>\n

Genetik m\u00fchendisli\u011fi alan\u0131nda yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar hala tart\u0131\u015fmalara konu olmaktad\u0131r. Bir kesim Genetik M\u00fchendisli\u011finin faydalar\u0131ndan bahsederken bir kesim ise geneti\u011fi de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f organizmalar\u0131n (GDO) gelecekte insana ve \u00e7evreye zararlar verece\u011fini s\u00f6ylemektedir.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bilimsel bir alan olarak Genetik, 1900’l\u00fc y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Avusturyal\u0131 bir rahip ve bilim adam\u0131 Gregor Mendel‘in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ile ba\u015flad\u0131.\u00a0Mendel’in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda zaman i\u00e7erisinde bu konu \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir \u00e7ok bilim…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[92],"tags":[2769,1234,1233,1232,2771,2767,2770,2768],"class_list":["post-1590","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bilim","tag-colin-mcleod","tag-dna","tag-gen","tag-genetik","tag-gregor-mendel","tag-ian-wilmut","tag-maclyn-mccarty","tag-oswald-avery"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1590"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1590"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1590\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12253,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1590\/revisions\/12253"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1590"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1590"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1590"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}