{"id":1686,"date":"2016-12-23T22:00:21","date_gmt":"2016-12-23T20:00:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=1686"},"modified":"2016-12-23T23:50:01","modified_gmt":"2016-12-23T21:50:01","slug":"barutu-kim-buldu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=1686","title":{"rendered":"Barutu kim buldu, Barutun \u0130cad\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

Barutu kim icat etti.<\/strong>\u00a0Bilim adamlar\u0131 ve tarih\u00e7iler aras\u0131nda fikir birli\u011fi ile barutun \u00c7in’liler taraf\u0131ndan icat edildi\u011fi bilinen bir ger\u00e7ektir. Bu ke\u015fif, havai fi\u015feklerin icat edilmesine ve \u00c7in’de silahlarda barut kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7in ke\u015fiflerini takip eden y\u00fczy\u0131llarda, barut kullan\u0131lan silahlar M\u00fcsl\u00fcman d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda, Avrupa’da ve Hindistan’da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Barut, \u00c7in’den Ortado\u011fu’ya ve Orta Asya’ya, ard\u0131ndan Avrupa’ya yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Barutun \u0130cad\u0131<\/h2>\n

Barutun icad\u0131<\/strong> ile ilgili ilk bulgular 9. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 \u00c7in’i g\u00f6stermektedir. Barut’un form\u00fcl\u00fc ile ilgili ilk kay\u0131tlar MS 142 y\u0131l\u0131na uzanmaktad\u0131r.\u00a0Song\u00a0Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neminde, Wei Boyang taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lan belgelerde baruta benzeyen bir maddeden bahsedilir. Wei Boyang yaz\u0131s\u0131nda \u015fiddetle patlayan, toz \u015feklinde olan ve \u0131\u015f\u0131klar\u0131 dans eden bir tozdan bahseder.<\/p>\n

MS 300 l\u00fc y\u0131llarda yine \u00c7in Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’ nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan Ge Hong adl\u0131 bilim adam\u0131, kay\u0131tlar\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7 temel maddenin kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131dan bahsetmektedir. Ge Hong, patlay\u0131c\u0131 yapmak i\u00e7in k\u00fck\u00fcrt, k\u00f6m\u00fcr ve potasyum nitrat’\u0131 uygun \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerde kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmaktan bahseder.<\/p>\n

MS 700 l\u00fc y\u0131llarda T’ang Hanedan\u0131 d\u00f6neminde ilk kullan\u0131labilir barut yap\u0131ld\u0131. Bu barut \u00e7e\u015fidi, hanedanl\u0131k kutlamalar\u0131n\u0131 \u015fenlendirmek i\u00e7in bir \u00e7e\u015fit havai fi\u015fek g\u00f6sterisi olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Barutun d\u00fc\u015fmanlara kar\u015f\u0131, bir silah olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 ise MS 904 y\u0131l\u0131nda oldu. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde kullan\u0131lan roket benzeri bir silah ile kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu. Bu g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc silah Roma ve \u0130slam \u0130mparatorluklar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan, i\u00e7eri\u011finin ne oldu\u011fu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclene kadar yani MS 1100 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar \u00c7inli’ler taraf\u0131ndan s\u0131r olarak tutuldu.<\/p>\n

Ortado\u011fu’da Barut<\/h2>\n

M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n barutu kullanmas\u0131yla ilgili ilk kay\u0131t, Suriye’li Hasan el-Rammah’\u0131n 1240 ile 1280 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Arap\u00e7a yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kitapta, barut tarifleri yer almaktad\u0131r. Baruta kat\u0131lacak tuz miktar\u0131n\u0131n ar\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in talimatlar ve yang\u0131n s\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fclerinin tasvirleri gibi konulara de\u011finmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Barut ve Havai fi\u015fekler i\u00e7in \u00c7in kar\u0131, \u00c7in \u00c7i\u00e7e\u011fi ve \u00c7in Oklar\u0131 gibi tan\u0131mlamalr kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a0Hasan el-Rammah barutun “onikinci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonu ya da on\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcn\u00fcn ba\u015f\u0131nda” Suriye ve M\u0131s\u0131r’da yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n

Barut, Ortado\u011fu’ya \u00c7in ve\u00a0Hindistan’dan ticaret yollar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla\u00a0 gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Avrupa’da Barut<\/h2>\n

\u00c7e\u015fitli kaynaklar, 1241’de Mohi Sava\u015f\u0131’nda Mo\u011follar taraf\u0131ndan Avrupa’l\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 ate\u015fli silahlar ve barut kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir.\u00a0Profes\u00f6r Kenneth Warren Chase Mo\u011follar\u0131, Avrupa’y\u0131 barut ve ate\u015fli silahlarla tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran halk olarak tan\u0131mlamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1248’de Sevilla’da ilk toplar\u0131n kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. Bu sava\u015f toplar\u0131 barutun patlama ile itme g\u00fcc\u00fcnden faydalan\u0131larak, demir bilyelerin, demir t\u00fcpler i\u00e7erisinden f\u0131rlat\u0131lmas\u0131 esas\u0131na dayan\u0131yordu. Bu silah \u00f6zellikle kale duvarlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 oldu. \u0130cat 200 y\u0131l sonra Afrikaya kadar ula\u015ft\u0131. 1400 l\u00fc y\u0131llarda, Portekizli ka\u015fifler, barut ve top ikilisini ke\u015fif gemilerinde\u00a0 silah olarak koymaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Barutun icad\u0131ndan<\/strong>, bug\u00fcn kullan\u0131lan haline gelinceye kadar bir \u00e7ok ara\u015ft\u0131rma, geli\u015ftirme ve testlerden ge\u00e7mi\u015f ve geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Barutu kim icat etti.\u00a0Bilim adamlar\u0131 ve tarih\u00e7iler aras\u0131nda fikir birli\u011fi ile barutun \u00c7in’liler taraf\u0131ndan icat edildi\u011fi bilinen bir ger\u00e7ektir. Bu ke\u015fif, havai fi\u015feklerin icat edilmesine ve \u00c7in’de silahlarda barut kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6279,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[345],"tags":[365,875,2639,2640,2638,876],"class_list":["post-1686","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-askeri","tag-ates","tag-barut","tag-barutu-kim-icat-etti","tag-barutu-kim-kesfetti","tag-barutun-icadi","tag-patlama"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1686"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1686"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1686\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6281,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1686\/revisions\/6281"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/6279"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1686"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1686"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1686"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}