{"id":17081,"date":"2019-07-20T11:48:07","date_gmt":"2019-07-20T09:48:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=17081"},"modified":"2019-07-30T15:29:04","modified_gmt":"2019-07-30T13:29:04","slug":"ilk-buhar-makineleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=17081","title":{"rendered":"\u0130lk Buhar Makineleri"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Yerin y\u00fczeyinde buhar halinde bir damla su, s\u0131v\u0131 haline oranla 1\/ 700 kat daha fazla yer kaplar; bundan do\u011facak genle\u015fme kuvveti hareket ettirici kuvvet olarak kullan\u0131labilir. 100 santigratl\u0131k su buhar\u0131, suyun \u00fczerine bas\u0131n\u00e7 yapan ve 1 barl\u0131k bas\u0131nca e\u015fde\u011fer hava k\u00fctlesini kald\u0131r\u0131r.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Su buhar\u0131n\u0131n esnek kuvvetiyle hareket eden makinelerin geli\u015ftirilmesi, ancak hava bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve s\u0131v\u0131 faz ile gaz faz\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki hal de\u011fi\u015fimlerinde \u0131s\u0131n\u0131n rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra sonra m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Huygens’ in \u00f6\u011frencisi Denis Papin<\/strong> (1647 – 1712) d\u00fcd\u00fckl\u00fc tencerenin atas\u0131 ve ayn\u0131 zamanda y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 bir kazan olan bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 tenceresini\u00a0 1679 da icat etmi\u015f. daha sonra 1687 de kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir inceleme yaz\u0131s\u0131nda alma\u015f\u0131k olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir pistonla i\u015f g\u00f6ren bir su kald\u0131rma makinesinin ilk kuram\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015fti. 1698 de ingiliz mekanik\u00e7i Thomas Savery<\/strong> ayn\u0131 ilkeye g\u00f6re \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir buhar pompas\u0131n\u0131n patentini ald\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bununla birlikte ilk buhar makinesi<\/a> 1705 te Thomas Savery’ yle bir ba\u015fka ingiliz mekanik\u00e7i olan Thomas Newcomen<\/strong> in i\u015f birli\u011fi sonucunda do\u011fdu. Newcomen daha sora bu makineyi geli\u015ftirdi ve 1712 de kazan\u0131, silindiri ve pistonu olan ger\u00e7ekten kullan\u0131labilir ilk buhar makinesini yapt\u0131. Bu ocakl\u0131 makine su bo\u015faltmak \u00fczere bir k\u00f6m\u00fcr oca\u011f\u0131na yerle\u015ftirildi. Makinenin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ekonomik de\u011fildi \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc buhar silindirin i\u00e7ine so\u011fuk su p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fclerek yo\u011fu\u015fturuluyordu; b\u00f6ylece \u00f6nemli oranda \u0131s\u0131 kayb\u0131 oluyordu. Bununla birlikte maden ocaklar\u0131n\u0131n kurutulmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131m\u0131 h\u0131zla yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

XVIII. yy’ \u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda \u0130sko\u00e7yal\u0131 m\u00fchendis James Watt<\/strong> (1736 – 1819), Newcomen’ in buhar makinesini geli\u015ftirerek \u00e7ok daha kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131 hale getirdi. Bir \u0131s\u0131 yal\u0131t\u0131m sistemiyle silindirin i\u00e7indeki \u0131s\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131 ve buhar\u0131 yo\u011fu\u015fmak \u00fczere kolayl\u0131kla so\u011futulabilen bir ba\u015fka yere (kondans\u00f6r) g\u00f6nderdi; b\u00f6ylece yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak yak\u0131ttan % 75 oran\u0131nda tasarruf sa\u011flad\u0131. \u00d6te yandan, bir ucu a\u00e7\u0131k olan silindirin i\u00e7 taraf\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k havayla temas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek ve pistonun ini\u015fi s\u0131ras\u0131nda kalan \u0131s\u0131y\u0131 korumak amac\u0131yla bu silindirin iki ucunu kapatt\u0131 ve sadece piston kolunun giri\u015fi i\u00e7in bir delik b\u0131rakt\u0131. Bu d\u00fczeltmeler 1769 da berata ba\u011fland\u0131.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Mali y\u00f6nden Birmingham’l\u0131 sanayici Jonh Roebuck’ ten yard\u0131m g\u00f6ren James Watt 1775 y\u0131l\u0131nda bir ba\u015fka sanayici olan Matthew Boulton’la ortak oldu. Bu sanayicinin Birmingham yak\u0131n\u0131nda Soho’ da \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015fletmecisi olan 600 ki\u015finin \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir fabrikas\u0131 vard\u0131. Ekonomik g\u00fcc\u00fc sayesinde Watt’ \u0131n makinesinin geli\u015ftirilmesine ve yap\u0131m\u0131na \u00f6nemli miktarda para ay\u0131rma imkan\u0131 buldu; b\u00f6ylece buhar makinelarinin ilk \u00f6rnekleri 1776 y\u0131l\u0131nda hizmete girdi.\u00a0<\/p>\n

James Watt, 1783′ te \u00e7ift etkili makineyi geli\u015ftirdi; burada buhar alma\u015f\u0131k olarak pistonun her iki y\u00fcz\u00fcne veriliyor, b\u00f6ylece motorun g\u00fcc\u00fc iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 d\u00fczen kazan\u0131yordu. Nihayet, makinenin hareketini d\u00fczg\u00fcn hale getirmek amac\u0131yla hareket mili \u00fczerine d\u00f6kme demirden a\u011f\u0131r bir volan yerle\u015ftirdi ve buhar \u00fcretimindeki e\u015fitsizliklerin tehlikeli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri yol a\u00e7mamas\u0131 i\u00e7in toplu reg\u00fclat\u00f6r sistemini tasarlad\u0131. B\u00f6ylece m\u00fckemmelle\u015ftirilen buhar makinesi pek \u00e7ok uygulama alan\u0131 olan tam bir sanayi makinesi haline geldi.\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Yerin y\u00fczeyinde buhar halinde bir damla su, s\u0131v\u0131 haline oranla 1\/ 700 kat daha fazla yer kaplar; bundan do\u011facak genle\u015fme kuvveti hareket ettirici kuvvet olarak kullan\u0131labilir. 100 santigratl\u0131k su buhar\u0131,…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10098,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3105,317],"tags":[1440],"class_list":["post-17081","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-icatlar","category-is-dunyasi","tag-buhar-makinesi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17081"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=17081"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17081\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17094,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17081\/revisions\/17094"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/10098"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=17081"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=17081"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=17081"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}