Matemati\u011fin icad\u0131<\/strong> ile ilgili tek bir ki\u015fiden yada halktan bahsetmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Matematik\u00a0d\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde pek \u00e7ok medeniyette kullan\u0131lan bir teknik olarak icat edildi. Her medeniyet,\u00a0kendi zamanlar\u0131na ve hayat tarzlar\u0131na uygun olarak matemati\u011fi bir form olarak kulland\u0131lar. Matemati\u011fin kullan\u0131m\u0131 ile ilgili en eski kay\u0131tlarda yer alan medeniyetler aras\u0131nda Mayalar,\u00a0Hintliler, Yunanl\u0131lar, \u0130slam Medeniyetleri ve \u00c7inlileri say\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n Her medeniyetin matematik formu zaman i\u00e7erisinde birbirini etkileyerek geli\u015fmi\u015f ve d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sonunda\u00a0bug\u00fcn bildi\u011fimiz\u00a0matematik biliminin standartlar\u0131na ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Tarihte matematiksel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce \u00f6l\u00e7me, bor\u00e7, vergi, astronomi hesaplar\u0131 gibi pratik problemlere \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm tekniklerinin geli\u015ftirilmesiyle ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Matemati\u011fin sahip oldu\u011fu dinamiklerin yan\u0131nda di\u011fer bilimlerle aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131k\u0131 etkile\u015fim nedeniyle \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 bir geli\u015fme g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Bu h\u0131zl\u0131 geli\u015fmenin sonucu olarak matematik i\u00e7inde \u00e7ok say\u0131da dal ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu dallar Cebir<\/a>, analiz, aritmetik, istatistik<\/a>, geometri<\/a>, k\u00fcmeler kuram\u0131, say\u0131sal \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleme, olas\u0131l\u0131k kuram\u0131 ve trigonometri<\/a> olarak say\u0131labilir<\/p>\n Antik d\u00f6nemin en \u00f6nemli matematik merkezlerinden birisi, M.\u00d6. 2000 li y\u0131llarda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f Babil Medeniyeti olarak say\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Babilliler\u00a0ekonomi ve sosyal hayatlar\u0131n\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in denklem \u00e7\u00f6zme, k\u00f6k bulma, alan ve hacim hesaplama gibi teknikleri geli\u015ftirdiler. Bununla beraber astronomiye olan yak\u0131n ilgileri nedeniyle Trigonometriyi geli\u015ftirdiler. Babil Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n matemati\u011fin geli\u015fimine en b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131s\u0131 60 l\u0131k say\u0131 sistemidir. S\u0131f\u0131r simgesinin de\u00a0kat\u0131lmas\u0131yla g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz onluk say\u0131 sistemine \u00e7ok benzeyen 60 l\u0131k say\u0131 sistemi g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bile a\u00e7\u0131 ve zaman \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcnde kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Eski M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fan iki \u00f6nemli matematik belgesi M.\u00d6. 1900 ve M.\u00d6. 1700 ler aras\u0131na ait Goleni\u015fev<\/strong> papir\u00fcs\u00fc\u00a0 ile Rhind<\/strong> papir\u00fcs\u00fc d\u00fcr. Bu papir\u00fcsler o d\u00f6nemin aritmetik ders kitaplar\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131labilir. Matematik, Eski M\u0131s\u0131r ve daha sonra Roma uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayat\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran pratik bir\u00a0ara\u00e7 olmaktan \u00f6teye gitmemi\u015ftir. Yunan matemati\u011fi M.\u00d6 7-6. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Mezopotamya ve M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan gelen bilgilerin derlenmesiyle olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. \u0130lk sayma say\u0131lar\u0131 n\u0131 Yunanl\u0131lar bulmu\u015ftur. Yunan medeniyetinin kendisine ait matematik kuramlar\u0131 ise M.\u00d6. 5. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131ndan sonra ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Eski Yunan matemati\u011fin ilgilendi\u011fi iki \u00f6nemli konu konikler ile astronomiden kaynaklanan k\u00fcresel geometri problemleri oldu. M.\u00d6. 4. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonunda matematikte eri\u015filen d\u00fczeyi ve yetkinli\u011fi, Eukleides<\/strong>\u2019in\u00a0 (\u00d6klit) taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lan \u00fcnl\u00fc Stoikheia (Elemanlar) ile ortaya kondu.<\/p>\n Orta\u00e7a\u011fda matematik bilimi ve di\u011fer bilimler Hindistan\u2019da ve \u0130slam\u00a0d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda\u00a0yeniden canland\u0131. Abbasi halifesi Mansur\u2019un emirleri ile Yunan bilim yap\u0131tlar\u0131 sistematik bir bi\u00e7imde \u00e7evrildi. Hint astronomisinin de etkisiyle Ba\u011fdat\u00a0ilk\u00a0\u0130slam astronomi merkezi oldu. Matematik ve astronominin bu yeniden canlan\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6nemli etkenlerden biri de Ba\u011fdat okulundan Cebir’in mucidi H\u00e2rizm\u00ee<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong>oldu.\u00a0 Rakamlar ve semboller kullanarak ve denklemler kurmak suretiyle aritmetik i\u015flemlerini genelle\u015ftirmi\u015f olan matematik kolu olan cebir Farsl\u0131 bilim adam\u0131\u00a0H\u00e2rizm\u00ee\u00a0<\/strong>taraf\u0131ndan icat edilmi\u015ftir. Harizmi den \u00f6nce bir \u00e7ok medeniyet cebir’i kullanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen (Babil) bu g\u00fcn d\u00fcnyada kabul edilen cebir standartlar\u0131 Harizmi’nin icat etti\u011fi dir. \u0130slam matematik ve astronomi gelene\u011fi 1400\u2019lere de\u011fin aral\u0131ks\u0131z s\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n \u0130slam biliminin ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman bilim adamlar\u0131 ve bulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n<\/a> etkisinin Avrupa\u2019ya yay\u0131lmas\u0131 11. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ba\u015flad\u0131. \u0130ngiliz filozof\u00a0 Bath\u2019l\u0131 Adelard<\/strong> ve 12. y\u00fczy\u0131lda\u00a0\u0130talyan\u00a0matematik\u00e7i Leonardo<\/strong> Pisano<\/strong> \u0130slam biliminin Avrupaya ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131nda \u00f6nc\u00fc oldular. Bu y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Yunan matematik ve bilim eserleri Arap\u00e7a’dan Latinceye \u00e7evrildi. Bu\u00a0yap\u0131tlar R\u00f6nesans\u2019\u0131n matematik ve bilim y\u00f6n\u00fcnden temelini olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n 16. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Kopernik<\/strong><\/a>\u2019in astronomi,\u00a0Vesalius<\/strong>\u2019un anatomi alan\u0131ndaki ke\u015fifler eskilerin yanl\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Matematikte\u00a0yeni\u00a0bir \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 m\u00fcjdeleyen\u00a0ilk\u00a0bulgular\u00a0\u0130talya\u2019da del Ferro, Cardano, Tartaglia<\/strong> ve Ferrari<\/strong>\u2019nin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ve d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc derece denklemlere \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm getirmeleri oldu. 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda\u00a0Fransa\u2019da Vi\u00e9te<\/strong>\u2019nin bilinmeyen b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckler i\u00e7in harflerle i\u015flem yapmas\u0131 \u00e7ok\u00a0h\u0131zl\u0131 geli\u015fecek olan simgesel cebirin temelini att\u0131. Newton<\/strong><\/a> ve Leibniz<\/strong>\u2019in 17. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda diferansiyel ve integral hesab\u0131 bulmalar\u0131 matematikte \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir ad\u0131m oldu. Newton<\/strong>\u2019un 1687 de yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Do\u011fa Felsefesinin Matematik \u0130lkeleri adl\u0131 eseri gelmi\u015f ge\u00e7mi\u015f en b\u00fcy\u00fck bilimsel kitap olarak kabul edilir. K\u00fctle \u00e7ekimi yasas\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymu\u015f olan Newton<\/strong>\u2019un temel amac\u0131 do\u011fay\u0131 anlamakt\u0131; buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Leibniz<\/strong> bilgiye ve evrensel niteliklere ula\u015fan yolu a\u00e7mak istiyordu. Leibniz<\/strong>\u2019in bu ama\u00e7la geli\u015ftirmeyi tasarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 simgesel mant\u0131k, George Boole<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan ancak 19.y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda ortaya konabildi. Ama onun diferansiyel y\u00f6ntemi 18. Ve 19. Y\u00fczy\u0131l matemati\u011finin geli\u015fmesine temel olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n 18.y\u00fczy\u0131l matemati\u011finin en \u00f6nemli ismi Leonhard Euler<\/strong><\/a>\u2019dir. De\u011fi\u015fimler hesab\u0131 ve diferansiyel geometrinin kurucular\u0131 aras\u0131nda yer alan Euler<\/strong>, analiz ve say\u0131lar kuram\u0131 ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere matemati\u011fin hemen her dal\u0131na \u00f6nemli katk\u0131larda bulunmu\u015ftur. 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n di\u011fer b\u00fcy\u00fck matematik\u00e7ileri Lagrange, d\u2019Alembert, Laplace<\/strong> ve Gaspart\u00a0Monge<\/strong><\/a> say\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck matematik\u00e7isi, matemati\u011fin hemen her dal\u0131na \u00f6nemli katk\u0131larda bulunmu\u015f olan Gauss<\/strong> oldu.<\/p>\n 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n matemati\u011finde etkin bir\u00a0yol\u00a0g\u00f6sterici de Hilbert<\/strong> \u2018in 1900\u2019de Paris\u2019te \u0130kinci Uluslararas\u0131 Matematik Kongresi\u2019nde \u00f6nerdi\u011fi 23 problem oldu. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde matematik ve bilim alan\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok soru ve ara\u015ft\u0131rma alan\u0131, kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Hilbert<\/strong>\u2019in bu problemlerinden almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Matematik bilimine katk\u0131da bulunan bilim adamlar\u0131 Matemati\u011fin icad\u0131 ile ilgili tek bir ki\u015fiden yada halktan bahsetmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Matematik\u00a0d\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde pek \u00e7ok medeniyette kullan\u0131lan bir teknik olarak icat edildi. Her…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5594,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[92],"tags":[912,911,914,920,188,937,927,633,922,916,913,936,187,925,929,935,918,931,933,924,930,926,910,934,921,837,928,923,915,919,917],"class_list":["post-1754","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim","tag-adelard","tag-bilim-2","tag-cardano","tag-cavalieri","tag-cebir","tag-descartes","tag-eukleides","tag-euler","tag-fermat","tag-ferrari","tag-ferro","tag-gauss","tag-geometri","tag-george-boole","tag-harizmi","tag-hilbert","tag-kopernik","tag-lagrange","tag-laplace","tag-leibniz","tag-leonardo-pisano","tag-leonhard-euler","tag-matematik","tag-monge","tag-napier","tag-newton","tag-oklit","tag-pascal","tag-tartaglia","tag-vesalius","tag-viete"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1754"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1754"}],"version-history":[{"count":34,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1754\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12199,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1754\/revisions\/12199"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/5594"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1754"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1754"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1754"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Antik D\u00f6nem Matematik Bilimi<\/h2>\n
\u0130slam D\u00fcnyas\u0131nda Matematik<\/h2>\n
Matemati\u011fin Tarihsel Geli\u015fimi<\/h2>\n
\n17. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130sko\u00e7ya\u2019da John\u00a0Napier<\/strong><\/a> logaritmay\u0131 buldu. Cavalieri<\/strong>, Kepler<\/strong><\/a>\u2019in sonsuz k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcklerle ilgili y\u00f6ntemlerini geli\u015ftirerek geometriye uyarlad\u0131.\u00a01637 y\u0131l\u0131nda Frans\u0131z filozof-matematik\u00e7i Descartes<\/strong> b\u00fcy\u00fck bulu\u015fu analitik geometriyi ortaya koydu. Fermat<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131n da katk\u0131lar\u0131yla analitik geometri, geometri problemlerini cebirsel problemlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcren\u00a0yeni\u00a0bir\u00a0ara\u00e7\u00a0oldu. Matemati\u011fi bir yan u\u011fra\u015f olarak s\u00fcrd\u00fcren Fermat<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131n say\u0131lar kuram\u0131ndaki bulgular\u0131 ve Blaise Pascal<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0ile birlikte kurdu\u011fu olas\u0131l\u0131k kuram\u0131 ona en b\u00fcy\u00fck amat\u00f6r matematik\u00e7i unvan\u0131n\u0131\u00a0kazand\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n