{"id":2218,"date":"2011-12-22T03:59:40","date_gmt":"2011-12-22T01:59:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=2218"},"modified":"2018-03-08T13:46:41","modified_gmt":"2018-03-08T11:46:41","slug":"tekerlegi-kim-buldu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=2218","title":{"rendered":"Tekerle\u011fi kim buldu"},"content":{"rendered":"

Tekerle\u011fi kim icat etti?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Tekerlek<\/strong> t\u0131pk\u0131 ate\u015f<\/a> gibi\u00a0insanl\u0131k tarihindeki en \u00f6nemli bulu\u015flar<\/a> aras\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r. \u0130nsanlar\u0131n ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7mini de\u011fi\u015ftiren icatlar aras\u0131nda en \u00fcst s\u0131ralarda say\u0131labilecek tekerlek, modern teknik ve mekani\u011fin merkezi durumundad\u0131r. Tekerle\u011fin icad\u0131<\/strong> o kadar eski zamanlara dayanmaktad\u0131r ki ne zaman ve kimler taraf\u0131ndan icat edildi\u011fi net olarak bilinememektedir. Bu nedenle tekerle\u011fin icad\u0131 ile ilgili verilere ve tarih\u00e7esine bir g\u00f6z atmakta fayda vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Tekerle\u011fin \u0130cad\u0131<\/h2>\n

Bilinen en eski tekerlek kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 M.\u00d6 3000 – 2500 y\u0131llar\u0131na aittir. Amerikal\u0131 arkeolog Speiser taraf\u0131ndan Gawra’da yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131larda\u00a0 tekerle\u011fe rastlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yine bir \u0130ngiliz arkeolog\u00a0 olan Woolley, Ur’da, M.\u00d6. 2.950 y\u0131llar\u0131ndan kalma bir mezardan, tekerlek kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Hangi ihtiyac\u0131n tekerle\u011fin icad\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmiyor fakat General Frugier’in varsay\u0131m\u0131 hem ilgin\u00e7<\/a> hem de inand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. Bu varsay\u0131ma g\u00f6re; Yontma Ta\u015f \u00c7a\u011f\u0131’ndan ba\u015flayarak insanlar, avlad\u0131klar\u0131 hayvanlar\u0131 veya kaya par\u00e7alar\u0131 gibi baz\u0131 \u015feyleri ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 yere ta\u015f\u0131ma ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 duymu\u015ftur. Bu soruna \u00e7are ararken, kesilmi\u015f bir a\u011fac\u0131n yuvarland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, b\u00f6ylece ta\u015f\u0131may\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 fark eden insanlar y\u00fcklerini iki a\u011fa\u00e7 k\u00fct\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fczerine koymay\u0131 ak\u0131l ederek tekerle\u011fin icad\u0131 ile ilgili yol katetmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

Tekerle\u011fi kim icat etti<\/h2>\n

\u0130ngiliz tarih\u00e7i Maccurdy’ye g\u00f6re; tekerle\u011fin atas\u0131, tomar denilen silindir bi\u00e7iminde sar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ka\u011f\u0131t ya da deridir. Yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131larda elde edilen bilgiler bu geli\u015fmeyi do\u011frular niteliktedir. Yap\u0131lan arkeolojik kaz\u0131larda S\u00fcmerlere ait, M.\u00d6. 3.000’lerden kalma k\u0131zaklar ve arabalar \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Tekerle\u011fin icad\u0131n\u0131n araban\u0131n icad\u0131na<\/a><\/strong> yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinen bir ger\u00e7ektir. Bir \u00e7ift tekerle\u011fin dingille birle\u015ftirilmesi ve buna demirsiz bir saban oturtulmas\u0131 ile tar\u0131mda kullan\u0131m\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. M.\u00d6. 3.000 y\u0131llara ait S\u00fcmer kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131nda rastlanan arabalar b\u00f6yledir.<\/p>\n

Peki bu arabalar\u0131 kim \u00e7ekiyordu? \u0130nsanlar m\u0131? Hayvanlar m\u0131? Frans\u0131z arkeolog Georges Contenau’ya g\u00f6re, bu arabalarda ko\u015fulan hayvan O d\u00f6nemde, bu b\u00f6lgede at\u0131n bilinmemesi nedeniyle yaban e\u015fe\u011fi idi.<\/p>\n

Orta\u00e7a\u011fda \u00f6nemli bir rol oynayacak olan T\u00fcrk ulusu, Orta Asya, Do\u011fu Sibirya ve Man\u00e7urya’da ya\u015famaktayd\u0131. Babil ve M\u0131s\u0131r uygarl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n medeniyet seviyesine g\u00f6re hen\u00fcz Yontma Ta\u015f \u00c7a\u011f\u0131’nda ya\u015fayan bu halk so\u011fuk ve d\u00fcmd\u00fcz steplerde g\u00f6\u00e7ebe olarak ya\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. At\u0131 ilk ehlile\u015ftiren halk olan T\u00fcrkler oldu. Yorulmak bilmeyen, h\u0131zl\u0131 ve her t\u00fcrl\u00fc hava ko\u015fuluna dayan\u0131kl\u0131 olan atlar arabalar\u0131 \u00e7ekmek i\u00e7in bi\u00e7ilmi\u015f bir kaftand\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ko\u015fum kay\u0131\u015flar\u0131yla arabaya ba\u011flanan atlarla birlikte ilk sava\u015f arac\u0131 da do\u011fmu\u015f oldu. Antik d\u00fcnya, arabay\u0131 ve atlar\u0131 bu korkun\u00e7 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcyle ilk defa tan\u0131yordu. Sonra M.\u00d6. 2.000 y\u0131l\u0131nda Mezopotamya’da g\u00f6r\u00fclen araba, giderek Sami \u0131rk\u0131ndan Hiksoslar\u0131n ak\u0131n\u0131yla M\u0131s\u0131r’a girince, Firavun’un ordusunda, 1917’de ilk m\u00fcttefik tanklar\u0131n\u0131n Alman askerleri \u00fczerinde yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 pani\u011fe benzer bir korku yaratt\u0131. M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar hayvan g\u00fcc\u00fc olarak hen\u00fcz \u00f6k\u00fcz ve e\u015fekten yararlan\u0131yorlard\u0131. Ancak tecr\u00fcbeden \u00e7abuk ders almay\u0131 bildiler. istil\u00e2c\u0131lar\u0131 \u00fclkeden atar atmaz bu yeni sava\u015f arac\u0131n\u0131 kullanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. \u00d6yle ki. M\u0131s\u0131r tarihinin en parlak d\u00f6nemi olan Yeni \u0130mparatorluk’tan kalan belgeler, Firavun’u gelecek ku\u015faklara sava\u015f arabas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnde, bir eliyle dizginleri tutar, \u00f6tekiyle de d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 yere serer bi\u00e7imde g\u00f6sterebilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Bunu izleyen on y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca, araba, sava\u015f alanlar\u0131nda fetih arac\u0131 olarak hizmet etti. Asurlular, M.\u00d6. 1.000 y\u0131llar\u0131nda bir s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131, iki sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131y\u0131 \u00e7eken \u00e7ift at ko\u015fulmu\u015f arabalar\u0131 sayesinde d\u00fcnyaya egemen oldular. Asur’un \u00fcnl\u00fc krallar\u0131 Surgon ve Assurbanipal bir\u00e7ok \u015fehirleri, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc sava\u015f makineleri halini alan arabalar\u0131yla ku\u015fatt\u0131lar. Bu arabalar\u0131n, tekerlekleri \u00fczerine oturtulmu\u015f a\u011f\u0131r ko\u00e7ba\u015flar\u0131yla \u015fehir kap\u0131lar\u0131na sald\u0131rd\u0131lar; sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar kalkanlar\u0131n\u0131n arkas\u0131na saklanarak kale duvarlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcne y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcler. Ancak bu a\u011f\u0131r “top\u00e7u g\u00fcc\u00fc”n\u00fcn yan\u0131 s\u0131ra yeni bir silahl\u0131 birlik daha meydana getirmi\u015flerdi: Atl\u0131lar. Bir hal\u0131 par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde oturan bu eyersiz ve \u00fczengisiz Asur atl\u0131lar\u0131, \u0130skender’in fetihlerine yol a\u00e7an \u00f6nc\u00fcler oldular.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tekerle\u011fi kim icat etti? Tekerlek t\u0131pk\u0131 ate\u015f gibi\u00a0insanl\u0131k tarihindeki en \u00f6nemli bulu\u015flar aras\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r. \u0130nsanlar\u0131n ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7mini de\u011fi\u015ftiren icatlar aras\u0131nda en \u00fcst s\u0131ralarda say\u0131labilecek tekerlek, modern teknik ve mekani\u011fin…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9515,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[345,92,19,1],"tags":[1295],"class_list":["post-2218","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-askeri","category-bilim","category-otomobil","category-teknoloji","tag-tekerlek"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2218"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2218"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2218\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10956,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2218\/revisions\/10956"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/9515"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2218"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2218"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2218"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}