Antartika G\u00fcney kutbu etraf\u0131nda her taraf\u0131 karla kapl\u0131, daima f\u0131rt\u0131nal\u0131 ve buz k\u00fctleleri ile \u00e7evrili bir kara par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Antarktika, Ross ve\u00a0Wendel deniz k\u00f6rfezleri ile Antarktika Yar\u0131madas\u0131 hari\u00e7 ana hatlar\u0131yle hemen hemen \u00e7ember \u015feklindedir. Antartika y\u00fcz\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc 14.107.637 kilometrekare ile d\u00fcnyan\u0131n be\u015finci b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131tas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcney kutbunda ilk ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar 1772-1775 seneleri aras\u0131nda Kaptan James Cook komutas\u0131nda bir \u0130ngiliz ekibi taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha sonra 1819\u2019da \u0130ngiliz William Smith g\u00fcney Shetland adalar\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffetti. Amerikal\u0131 N. Brown Palmer, Ozleans ge\u00e7idini ve daha sonra yar\u0131mada oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131larak, Palmer ad\u0131n\u0131 alan kuzeybat\u0131 sahilini buldu.<\/p>\n
1820 ile 1830 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Antarktika\u2019n\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in daha \u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yap\u0131ld\u0131. Fabian von Bellngshausen adl\u0131 bir Rus\u00a0 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 k\u0131tay\u0131 dola\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve 1821 y\u0131l\u0131nda bir \u00e7ok ada ke\u015ffetmi\u015ftir. 1823\u2019te \u0130ngiliz gemicisi James Weddell kendi ad\u0131 ile an\u0131lan denizi buldu. Frans\u0131z ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 Dumont d\u2019Urville 1840\u2019da Adelie Sahili\u2019nin haritas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izdi.<\/p>\n
ABD deniz y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131s\u0131 Charles Wilkes, 1838-1842 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rma sonucunda Antarktika\u2019n\u0131n bir k\u0131ta oldu\u011funu ortaya koydu. K\u0131tan\u0131n Hint Okyanusu k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc k\u0131y\u0131ya onun ad\u0131 verildi.<\/p>\n
Sir James Clark Ross, 1839-1843 tarihleri aras\u0131nda kendi ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan, buzlardan tamamen ar\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, bir su k\u00fctlesi buldu. Daha sonra yoluna devam ederek Victoria topra\u011f\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131. Ancak Ross, karaya hi\u00e7 ayak basmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1895 y\u0131l\u0131nda Norve\u00e7li Leonand Kristensen, Ceupe adas\u0131 yak\u0131n\u0131nda sahile bir ekip \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131 ve bu ekip bir k\u0131\u015f k\u0131tada kalarak geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc.<\/p>\n
On dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n son on y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren k\u0131t\u2019aya yap\u0131lan ke\u015fif gezileri art\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Kaptan Robert Falcon Scott, \u0130svi\u00e7reli Nils Ofto Gustar, Ernest Henry Shacleton ve Jean Charcot gibi bir \u00e7ok ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 k\u0131t\u2019an\u0131n bir \u00e7ok yerlerini ke\u015ffettiler.<\/p>\n
1911\u2019de Norve\u00e7li Roald Amundsen, Alman Wilhelm Filcner, \u0130ngiliz Robert Scott, Avurturyal\u0131 Dauglas Mawon ve Japon It Nobu Shiruse\u2019den meydana gelen bir ekip k\u0131t\u2019aya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar. Hepsinin hedefi G\u00fcney Kutbu idi. Kutba ilk defa Amundsen ula\u015ft\u0131. Arkas\u0131ndan Mc Murdo Sound da kutba vard\u0131. Ancak d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fte yiyeceklerin bitmesi ve hayvanlar\u0131n yorulmas\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden donarak \u00f6ld\u00fcler.<\/p>\n
U\u00e7aklar\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 Arktik ve Antarktika’n\u0131n ke\u015ffinde yeni bir devir a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sir Hubert Wilkins ilk defa Antarktika \u00fczerinde ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 u\u00e7u\u015flar yapt\u0131. 1928-30 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Richard E. Byrd ke\u015fif u\u00e7aklar\u0131 ile seferler yapm\u0131\u015f ve Amundsen\u2019in \u00fcs kurdu\u011fu yere yak\u0131n bir yerde \u201cK\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Amerika \u00dcss\u00fcn\u00fc\u201d kurmu\u015ftur. Kendi ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan, k\u0131t\u2019an\u0131n do\u011fuya do\u011fru olan k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffeden Byrd, bir \u00e7ok
\ndefalar u\u00e7ak ve gemi ile k\u0131t\u2019aya seferler yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n
1926\u2019dan 1937\u2019ye kadar Norve\u00e7liler de \u00e7e\u015fitli k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n haritalar\u0131n\u0131 yapmak i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda bulundular. Queen Mand arazisinin detayl\u0131 haritas\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra kayal\u0131k sahil boyunca buzlu olmayan g\u00f6ller bulundu. Bunlar yaz g\u00fcne\u015finin yeter derecede buzlanmay\u0131 \u00f6nledi\u011fi sahil boyundaki \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fclere akan, eriyen karlar\u0131n sebep oldu\u011fu g\u00f6llerdir.<\/p>\n
1923\u2019ten 1939\u2019a kadar k\u0131tada yeni yeni, geni\u015f yerler bulundu. 1935\u2019ten itibaren Ellworth \u00e7e\u015fitli u\u00e7u\u015flar yapd\u0131 ve bu u\u00e7u\u015flar esnas\u0131nda kendi ad\u0131 ile an\u0131lan b\u00f6lgeyi buldu. \u0130ngilizler b\u00f6lgede \u00e7e\u015fitli ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara devam ettiler. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Harbi s\u0131ras\u0131nda bir durgunlu\u011fa girdi.<\/p>\n
Amerikal\u0131 Richard H. Cruzen askerlerle birlikte k\u0131taya gitti. Antarktik Yar\u0131madas\u0131 ve Wedali Denizi k\u0131sm\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn Antarktik sahillerini i\u00e7ine alan sahan\u0131n havadan haritas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izdi. Daha sonra \u0130ngilizler, Norve\u00e7liler, \u0130sve\u00e7liler, Frans\u0131zlar \u00e7e\u015fitli ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapt\u0131lar ve Antarktik\u2019te \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fcsler kurdular. Uluslararas\u0131 Jeofizik Y\u0131l\u0131 m\u00fcnasebetiyle yap\u0131lan toplant\u0131larda ara\u015ft\u0131rma ekiplerinin kurulmas\u0131 teklif edilerek bu ekipler i\u00e7in bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma program\u0131 haz\u0131rland\u0131. Kurulan ekiplerde \u00e7e\u015fitli devletlerden ilim adamlar\u0131 kat\u0131ld\u0131 ve k\u0131t\u2019an\u0131n bir \u00e7ok yerleri ke\u015ffedildi. Program\u0131n 31 Aral\u0131k 1958\u2019de ba\u015far\u0131yla bitmesinden sonra, ilmi ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n devam ettirilmesi i\u00e7in \u201cAntarktika\u2019y\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rma \u00d6zel Komitesi\u201d (SCAR) denilen milletleraras\u0131 bir komisyon kuruldu.<\/p>\n
Antarktika Antla\u015fmas\u0131 d\u00f6neminde, uluslararas\u0131 i\u015fbirli\u011fiyle d\u00fczenlenen ilmi projeler artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca \u00fclkeler tek tek d\u00fczenledikleri projelerle ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedirler. K\u0131ta k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan hayvanlar\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in 1982 senesinde Antarktika Deniz Hayat\u0131n\u0131 Koruma Konvansiyonu kuruldu. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde var olan antla\u015fmalar \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde, k\u0131t\u2019ada bulunan kaynaklardan d\u00fczenli bi\u00e7imde faydalanmak i\u00e7in baz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kar ve buz \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki yerlerin ortalama y\u00fcksekli\u011fi di\u011fer k\u0131t\u2019alara g\u00f6re iki misli olup, ortalama 1830 metredir. karalar\u0131n \u00fczerindeki buz ve kar k\u00fctlesinin kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortalama olarak 2000 m civar\u0131ndad\u0131r. En y\u00fcksek nokta 4270 metreyi bulur. Antarktika d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en so\u011fuk b\u00f6lgesidir. Sahil kenarlar\u0131, i\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mlara ve y\u00fckseklere g\u00f6re daha s\u0131cakt\u0131r. 1960 y\u0131l\u0131nda 3962 metre y\u00fckseklikteki Vostok istasyonunda -88,3 derece okunarak d\u00fcnya so\u011fukluk rekoru tespit edilmi\u015ftir. En so\u011fuk aylarda ortalama s\u0131cakl\u0131k k\u0131y\u0131da -20\u00b0C ile -30\u00b0C, i\u00e7 kesimde ise, -40\u00b0C ile -70\u00b0C aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fir. Ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar kar \u015feklindedir. S\u0131cakl\u0131k donma noktas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcne pek \u00e7\u0131kmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bitki ve hayvan y\u00f6n\u00fcnden en k\u0131s\u0131r k\u0131t\u2019ad\u0131r. Sadece kuzeye bakan, g\u00fcne\u015fe do\u011fru olan kaya ve yama\u00e7lar \u00fczerinde son derece k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bitki \u015fekilleri bulunur. Botanik\u00e7iler k\u0131t\u2019an\u0131n kenarlar\u0131 boyunca ve da\u011flar\u0131n yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda 400 kadar \u00e7e\u015fitli yosun t\u00fcr\u00fcne rastlam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
K\u0131tan\u0131n 20\u00b0 ve 80\u00b0 boylamlar\u0131yla Antarktika yar\u0131madas\u0131 ve Shetland aras\u0131 \u0130ngiltere egemenli\u011fi; Ross Dependency b\u00f6lgesi Yeni Zelanda egemenli\u011fi; Avustralya Antarktik B\u00f6lgesi, Macquarie Heard ve Mc Donald Avustralya egemenli\u011fi; Marion ve Prens Edward adalar\u0131 G\u00fcney Afrika Cumhuriyeti egemenli\u011fi; Kerguden ile Crozet tak\u0131madas\u0131, yeni Amsterdan, Adelie arazisi Fransa egemenli\u011fi; Bouvet, S. Pierre adas\u0131 Norve\u00e7 egemenli\u011fi; Ross ve Falklanda aras\u0131ndaki b\u00f6lge ise ABD egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Antartika G\u00fcney kutbu etraf\u0131nda her taraf\u0131 karla kapl\u0131, daima f\u0131rt\u0131nal\u0131 ve buz k\u00fctleleri ile \u00e7evrili bir kara par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Antarktika, Ross ve\u00a0Wendel deniz k\u00f6rfezleri ile Antarktika Yar\u0131madas\u0131 hari\u00e7 ana hatlar\u0131yle hemen…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10280,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[1347,1348],"class_list":["post-2332","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gezi","tag-antartika","tag-kaptan-james-cook"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2332"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2332"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2332\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10281,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2332\/revisions\/10281"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/10280"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2332"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2332"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2332"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}