{"id":2359,"date":"2012-02-15T17:06:05","date_gmt":"2012-02-15T15:06:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=2359"},"modified":"2018-02-07T05:56:52","modified_gmt":"2018-02-07T03:56:52","slug":"amerikayi-kim-buldu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=2359","title":{"rendered":"Amerikay\u0131 kim ke\u015ffetti"},"content":{"rendered":"

Amerika’y\u0131 kim ke\u015ffetmi\u015ftir?<\/strong> \u0130\u015fte bu soruya genel olarak herkesin cevab\u0131 Kristof Kolomb olacakt\u0131r. Fakat en az 20.000 y\u0131ld\u0131r insnlar Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131nda ya\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Kristof Kolomb Amerikaya geldi\u011fi zaman burada y\u00fczlerce k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ulus ve birka\u00e7 b\u00f6lgesel imparatorlu\u011fun ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Hatta\u00a0Kolomb Avrupadan Amerikaya do\u011fru yelken a\u00e7madan yakla\u015f\u0131k 500 y\u0131l \u00f6nce Norve\u00e7li denizci\u00a0Leif Erikson’<\/strong>un Amerikaya ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 biliniyor.\u00a0Arkeologlar do\u011fu Kanada’da, muhtemelen Erikson taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulan, ge\u00e7mi\u015fi 11. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar uzanan bir Norve\u00e7li yerle\u015fimini ke\u015ffettiler. Bu yerle\u015fimin, Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n Amerika’ya g\u00f6\u00e7 etmesinin \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcren, tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 olsa da, g\u00fcvenilir, inand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 teoriler bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Christopher Columbus<\/h2>\n

Christopher Columbus<\/strong>\u00a0‘un amac\u0131 Amerika’y\u0131 ke\u015ffetmekten \u00e7ok para kazanmakt\u0131. Kay\u0131tl\u0131 tarihe g\u00f6re Amerika’n\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc ba\u015far\u0131yla fetheden k\u00f6le ve e\u015fyalar\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir ticaret yolu kuran ilk Avrupal\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n

Christopher Columbus, 1451’de \u0130talya’da Cenova’da orta s\u0131n\u0131f bir y\u00fcn dokumac\u0131s\u0131 olan Domenico Colombo ve Susanna Fontanarossa’n\u0131n o\u011flu olarak d\u00fcnyaya geldi.\u00a0\u00c7ocuklu\u011fu hakk\u0131nda \u00e7ok az \u015fey bilinmesine ra\u011fmen, bir yeti\u015fkin olarak birka\u00e7 dilde konu\u015fabilen ve klasik edebiyat hakk\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bilgiye sahip oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in e\u011fitimli oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir.\u00a0Kolomb ilk kez 14 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken denize a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. 1470’lerde onu, Ege Denizi, Kuzey Avrupa ve muhtemelen \u0130zlanda’ya g\u00f6t\u00fcren \u00e7e\u015fitli ticaret gezilerine ba\u015flad\u0131. 1479’da Lizbon’da ya\u015fayan bir harita yap\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 olan karde\u015fi Bartolomeo<\/strong> ile bir araya geldi. Daha sonra Filipa Moniz Perestrello ile evlendi ve 1480’de o\u011flu Diego do\u011fdu.<\/p>\n

Columbus’un kar\u0131s\u0131 Filipa’n\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc 1485 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar Lizbon’da kald\u0131. Columbus ve Diego, yeni ticaret yollar\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffetmek i\u00e7in hibe veren \u0130spanya’ya ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131lar. Amac\u0131 Uzakdo\u011fu’ya ula\u015fmak ve Asya’dan Bat\u0131ya ticaret yollar\u0131 kurarak para kazanmakt\u0131.\u00a0Columbus planlar\u0131n\u0131 Portekiz ve \u0130spanyol krallar\u0131na anlatt\u0131, ancak her seferinde reddedildi. Sonunda, 1492’de Morolar \u0130spanyadan kovulduktan sonra Kral Ferdinand ve Krali\u00e7e \u0130sabella Kolombun isteklerini yeniden de\u011ferlendirdi.\u00a0Columbus, Asya’dan alt\u0131n, baharat ve ipek getirip Asya’da H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yayma s\u00f6z\u00fc verdi ve \u00c7in’i ke\u015ffetti. Ard\u0131ndan denizlerin amirali ve ke\u015ffedilen arazilerin valisi olmak istedi.<\/p>\n

Kolomb’un \u0130lk Seferi<\/h2>\n

\u0130spanyol monar\u015filerden \u00f6nemli finansman ald\u0131ktan sonra Columbus, Pinta, Nina ve Santa Maria adlar\u0131ndaki 3 gemi ve 104 adamla 3 A\u011fustos 1492’de Palos liman\u0131ndan yelken a\u00e7t\u0131.\u00a0Gemiler, Kanarya Adalar\u0131’nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 onar\u0131mlar yapmak i\u00e7in k\u0131sa bir mola verdikten sonra Atlantik’ten ge\u00e7tiler. Bu yolculuk Columbus’un bekledi\u011finden \u00e7ok daha uzun be\u015f hafta s\u00fcrd\u00fc.\u00a0 Sonunda, 12 Ekim 1492’de saat 2’de Rodrigo de Triana, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Bahamalar B\u00f6lgesi’ndeki araziyi g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Columbus araziye ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bunun San Salvador ad\u0131nda bir Asya adas\u0131 oldu\u011funa inan\u0131yordu. Do\u011fu Hindistan\u2019a ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 zannetti. Bu yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131k g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar bu b\u00f6lgenin \u201cBat\u0131 Hindistan\u201d ve Amerikan k\u0131z\u0131lderilerinin \u201cIndians\u201d olarak isimlendirilmesi bu nedenledir.<\/p>\n

Zenginlik bulamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in Columbus, \u00c7in’i aramak i\u00e7in tekrar denize a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. K\u00fcba ve Hispaniola’ya ula\u015ft\u0131.\u00a0Bu s\u00fcre zarf\u0131nda, m\u00fcrettebat\u0131n bir\u00e7o\u011fu hastal\u0131k, a\u00e7l\u0131ktan ve susuzluktan \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

21 Kas\u0131m 1492’de Pinta gemisi ke\u015fiflere tek ba\u015f\u0131na devam etmek \u00fczere gruptan ayr\u0131ld\u0131. Hispaniola sahilinde Santa Maria gemisinin karaya oturmas\u0131 sonucu bir kaza yapt\u0131. Nina gemisinde imkanlar k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in geride 40 adam\u0131n\u0131\u00a0Navidad’da b\u0131rakmak zorunda kald\u0131. K\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra, Columbus 15 Mart 1493’te \u0130spanya’ya d\u00f6nerek ilk seyrini tamamlad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Kolomb’un \u0130kinci Seferi<\/h2>\n

Yeni yerler ke\u015ffederek geri d\u00f6nme ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131ndan sonra Columbus 23 Eyl\u00fcl 1493’te 17 gemi ve 1.200 adam ile bat\u0131ya do\u011fru tekrar sefere \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.\u00a0Bu yolculu\u011fun amac\u0131, \u0130spanya ad\u0131na s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeler kurmak, Navidad’da b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 40 ki\u015filik m\u00fcrettebat\u0131 kontrol etmek ve halen Uzakdo\u011fu oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yerlerde servet aray\u0131\u015f\u0131na devam etmekti.<\/p>\n

3 Kas\u0131m’da\u00a0 Columbus Dominika, Guadeloupe ve Jamaika adl\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 ada daha buldu.\u00a0Ama h\u00e2l\u00e2 zenginlik bulamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Navidad kalesinin yok edildi\u011fini ve m\u00fcrettebat\u0131n\u0131n yerli halka k\u00f6t\u00fc muamele ettikleri i\u00e7in \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fcklerini \u00f6\u011frendikten sonra Hispaniola’ya ge\u00e7ti.\u00a0Santo Domingo’nun kolonisini kurdu ve 1495’deki bir sava\u015ftan sonra Hispaniola adas\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 fethetti. Daha sonra Mart 1496’da \u0130spanya’ya yelken a\u00e7t\u0131 ve 31 Temmuz’da Cadiz’e geldi.<\/p>\n

Kolomb’un \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Seferi<\/h2>\n

Columbus’un \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc seyahati 30 May\u0131s 1498’de ba\u015flad\u0131 ve \u00f6nceki iki yola g\u00f6re daha g\u00fcneydeki bir rotayi izledi.<\/p>\n

H\u00e2l\u00e2 \u00c7in’i ar\u0131yordu ama Trinidad ve Tobago, Grenada ve Margarita’y\u0131 31 Temmuz’da buldu. Ayn\u0131 zamanda G\u00fcney Amerika anakaras\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131. 31 A\u011fustos’ta Hispaniola’ya geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc ve Santo Domingo kolonisini karmakar\u0131\u015f\u0131k bir ortamda buldu. 1500 y\u0131l\u0131nda ya\u015fanan sorunlar\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir h\u00fck\u00fcmet temsilcisi g\u00f6nderildikten sonra Columbus tutukland\u0131 ve Ekim ay\u0131nda \u0130spanya’ya g\u00f6nderildi.\u00a0 Yerli halka k\u00f6t\u00fc muamele etme su\u00e7lamalar\u0131ndan yarg\u0131land\u0131 ama kendisini ba\u015far\u0131yla savunmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Hispaniola b\u00f6lgesinde kurulan bu koloni Avrupa barbarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 orada da g\u00f6stererek, 1492\u2019de 250.000 olan yerli n\u00fcf\u00fbsu 1508\u2019de 60.000 ve 1560\u2019da 500\u2019\u00fcn alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Kolomb’un D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Seferi<\/h2>\n

Columbus’un son seyahati 9 May\u0131s 1502’de ba\u015flad\u0131 ve haziran ay\u0131nda Hispaniola’ya geldi. Oraya vard\u0131\u011f\u0131nda koloniye girmesi yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Denizde demirli olarak yakla\u015f\u0131k bir ay bekledi. 4 Temmuz’da tekrar yelken a\u00e7t\u0131 ve sonra Orta Amerika’ya ula\u015ft\u0131. Ocak 1503’te Panama’ya vard\u0131 ve az miktarda alt\u0131n buldu ancak oralarda ya\u015fayanlar taraf\u0131ndan b\u00f6lgeden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Hindistan\u2019a daha k\u0131sa bir yol bulmak i\u00e7in Orta Amerika s\u00e2hillerini ba\u015ftan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 dola\u015fan Kolomb, Panama\u2019dan Pasifik Okyanusu\u2019nu ke\u015ffedemedi.\u00a0Bu tarihten bir ka\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra Vasco Nunez de Balboo taraf\u0131ndan ke\u015ffedildi.<\/p>\n

Gemilerindeki sorunlar nedeniyle Jamaika’da bir y\u0131l bekleyen Columbus, 7 Kas\u0131m 1504’te \u0130spanya’ya do\u011fru yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n

26 Kas\u0131m 1504’te Krali\u00e7e Isabella \u00f6ld\u00fckten sonra Columbus, Hispaniola valili\u011fini tekrar kazanmak i\u00e7in bir y\u0131l u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131. 1505’te kral vali olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yaz\u0131l\u0131 ba\u015fvuru yapmas\u0131n\u0131 istedi, ancak Kolomb hi\u00e7bir \u015fey yapmad\u0131. Bir y\u0131l sonra Columbus hastaland\u0131 ve 20 May\u0131s 1506’da \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Kolomb’un\u00a0Co\u011frafya konusundaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131s\u0131, bu yeni topraklar\u0131 ke\u015ffeden ve yerle\u015fen ilk \u00fclke olmas\u0131 nedeniyle, yeni d\u00fcnya fikrinin orataya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.\u00a0Kolomb Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffetmi\u015f fakat ke\u015ffetti\u011fi yerin yeni bir k\u0131ta oldu\u011funu anlayamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Amerigo Vespucci<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u0130talyan ka\u015fif\u00a0 Amerigo Vespucci<\/strong>, (Ameriko Vespu\u00e7i) buraya yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 seferlerde yeni bir k\u0131ta oldu\u011funu anlam\u0131\u015f ve \u201cYeni D\u00fcnya\u201d ismini vermi\u015ftir. 1507\u2019de Alman co\u011frafyac\u0131lar bu k\u0131taya Amerika ismini vermi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

Amerika D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n ikinci b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131tas\u0131d\u0131r. Kuzey ve g\u00fcney kutuplar aras\u0131nda yer alan, do\u011fusunda Atlas Okyanusu, bat\u0131s\u0131nda B\u00fcy\u00fck Okyanus,\u00a0 kuzeyinde Kuzey Buz denizi bulunan kara par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Kuzeyden g\u00fcneye olan uzunlu\u011fu 16.000 kilometre olup, y\u00fcz\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc ise 42.000.000\u00a0 kilometrekaredir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Amerika’y\u0131 kim ke\u015ffetmi\u015ftir? \u0130\u015fte bu soruya genel olarak herkesin cevab\u0131 Kristof Kolomb olacakt\u0131r. Fakat en az 20.000 y\u0131ld\u0131r insnlar Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131nda ya\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Kristof Kolomb Amerikaya geldi\u011fi zaman burada y\u00fczlerce k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8759,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[1548,1549,1550,1551],"class_list":["post-2359","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gezi","tag-amerika","tag-amerika-kitasi","tag-kristof-colomb","tag-yeni-dunya"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2359"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2359"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2359\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8870,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2359\/revisions\/8870"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/8759"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2359"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2359"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2359"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}