{"id":2472,"date":"2015-03-03T02:34:19","date_gmt":"2015-03-03T00:34:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=2472"},"modified":"2018-09-30T23:25:23","modified_gmt":"2018-09-30T21:25:23","slug":"mikroskopu-kim-buldu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=2472","title":{"rendered":"Mikroskobu kim buldu"},"content":{"rendered":"

Mikroskop, \u00e7\u0131plak g\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fclemeyecek kadar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck cisimlerin birka\u00e7 mercek yard\u0131m\u0131yle b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fclerek g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn incelenmesini sa\u011flayan optik bir alettir. \u00d6ncelikle isminden de anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, mikroplar\u0131n<\/a> incelenmesi akla geliyorsa da asl\u0131nda sanayi, metalurji, genetik, jeoloji, arkeoloji ve kriminoloji alan\u0131nda da b\u00fcy\u00fck hizmetler g\u00f6rmektedir.<\/p>\n

Mikroskobu kim icat etti?<\/h2>\n

Mikroskobu, ilk \u00f6nce Hollandal\u0131 Zacharias Janssen<\/strong><\/a>\u2019in, 1590 dolaylar\u0131nda bir teleskop \u00fczerinde de\u011fi\u015fiklikler yaparak meydana getirdi\u011fi kabul edilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Zacharias Janssen, ilk optik teleskopun icad\u0131yla da an\u0131lan Hollanda’n\u0131n Middelburg kentinde ya\u015fayan bir g\u00f6zl\u00fck \u00fcreticisiydi. Janssen ilk ger\u00e7ek bile\u015fik mikroskopu icat etmi\u015ftir. Ancak mikroskobun icad\u0131<\/a>, t\u0131pk\u0131 teleskop gibi, bir tart\u0131\u015fma konusudur.<\/p>\n

Ancak bu s\u0131ralarda di\u011fer Hollandal\u0131, Alman, \u0130ngiliz ve \u0130talyan bilim adamlar\u0131 da, mercek sistemi tersine \u00e7evrilmi\u015f bir teleskobun, cisimleri b\u00fcy\u00fctmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilece\u011finin fark\u0131na varm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Nitekim d\u00fcnyan\u0131n g\u00fcne\u015f etraf\u0131nda d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in engizisyon i\u015fkencesine t\u00e2bi tutulan ve D\u00fcnyay\u0131 g\u00fcne\u015f etraf\u0131nda d\u00f6nd\u00fcrmekten vazge\u00e7mesi \u015fart\u0131yla Papa taraf\u0131ndan serbest b\u0131rak\u0131lan me\u015fhur \u0130talyan bilim adam\u0131\u00a0Galilei Galileo<\/strong><\/a> (1564-1642) iki mercek kullanarak baz\u0131 tecr\u00fcbelerde bulunmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc modern mikroskobun ana prensiplerini ise 17. as\u0131rda Hollandal\u0131 Antonie van Leeuwenhoek<\/strong><\/a> ve \u0130ngiliz Robert Hook<\/strong> bulmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zel Mikroskoplar<\/h2>\n

Stereoskopik mikroskoplar<\/h3>\n

Cisimlerin \u00fc\u00e7 buutlu (boyutlu) g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerini temin etmek maksad\u0131yla stereoskopik mikroskoplar yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130ki mikroskop optik sisteminin bir d\u00fcrb\u00fcn \u015feklinde bir sehpa \u00fcst\u00fcne montesinden ib\u00e2rettir. Bu mikroskoplar biyoloji laboratuvarlar\u0131 i\u00e7in elveri\u015flidir.<\/p>\n

Metalurji mikroskobu<\/p>\n

M\u00e2den par\u00e7alar\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 ge\u00e7irmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in mikroskoba kuvvetli bir \u0131\u015f\u0131k kayna\u011f\u0131 il\u00e2ve edilmi\u015ftir. Kaynaktan gelen \u0131\u015f\u0131k incelenecek cisme \u00e7arpt\u0131r\u0131larak objektife yans\u0131yan \u0131\u015f\u0131klardan inceleme yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Elektron mikroskobu<\/h3>\n

Elektron mikroskopta g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc elde etmede elektron kullan\u0131larak g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc birka\u00e7 milyon def\u00e2 b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fclebilmektedir. Bu kadar b\u00fcy\u00fctme \u00f6zelli\u011fi, elektronun dalga boyunun \u0131\u015f\u0131k dalga boyundan birka\u00e7 bin def\u00e2 daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olmas\u0131ndand\u0131r. Elektron mikroskop, bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda, atom ve vir\u00fcs gibi \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck cisimlerin incelenmesin de kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Saha-emisyon mikroskobu<\/h3>\n

Metal veya yar\u0131 iletkenlerin y\u00fczey g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerinden kristal yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 incelemek i\u00e7in, saha emisyon mikroskoplar\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7ok yeni bir teknik olan bu mikroskoplar\u0131 elektron ve optik mikroskoplardan ay\u0131ran \u00f6zellik, cisimden \u0131\u015f\u0131k veya foton ge\u00e7irmek yerine cismin
\nkendisinden elektron veya iyon koparma (emisyon) olay\u0131d\u0131r. Emisyon elektrik sahas\u0131 ile sa\u011flan\u0131r. \u0130ncelenecek metalden kopan elektrotlar televizyon t\u00fcp\u00fcne benzer bir ekran \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015ferek kristal yap\u0131ya g\u00f6re izler b\u0131rak\u0131r. Kristal yap\u0131n\u0131n ekrana d\u00fc\u015fen bu g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc ayr\u0131ca foto\u011fraflanabilir. Elektron mikroskop kadar b\u00fcy\u00fctme \u00f6zelli\u011fi vard\u0131r. G\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc \u00e7ok net ve ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Polar\u0131c\u0131 mikroskop<\/h3>\n

D\u00f6ner bir tabla ile iki nicol prizma veya iki polar\u0131c\u0131 \u00e7uhayla donat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir optik mikroskoptur. Tablan\u0131n alt\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilen polar\u0131c\u0131 nicol, cismin \u00fczerine polar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131k g\u00f6nderir; analizleyici nicol ise, objektifin biraz \u00fczerine yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Bu iki prizma kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman, belli bir devr\u00e2n\u00ee g\u00fcc\u00fc olan maddelerin veya \u00e7ift k\u0131r\u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 maddelerin bulundu\u011fu b\u00f6lgeler h\u00e2ri\u00e7, mikroskobun alan\u0131 karanl\u0131k olarak g\u00f6z\u00fck\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Z\u0131t fazl\u0131 mikroskop<\/h3>\n

Bu mikroskop, incelenen nesnelerin, k\u0131r\u0131lma indislerindeki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fimlerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Zernike\u2019nin buldu\u011fu bir optik tertibat, incelenecek cisimden \u00e7\u0131kan titre\u015fimlerin \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck faz de\u011fi\u015fimlerini bulma\u011fa yarar; bunun i\u00e7in, kondans\u00f6r i\u00e7ine halka \u015feklinde bir diyafram ve objektifin arkas\u0131na, faz fark\u0131 meydana getiren bir lam yerle\u015ftirilir. Cisim i\u00e7indeki faz de\u011fi\u015fimleri, g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcde \u0131\u015f\u0131k de\u011fi\u015fimleri \u015feklinde belirir ve ancak 30-40 angstr\u00f6m kadar olan optik kal\u0131nl\u0131k farklar\u0131 bile kolayca bulunabilir. Bu mikroskop, biyologlar taraf\u0131ndan canl\u0131 organizmalar\u0131n incelenmesinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Mikroskop, \u00e7\u0131plak g\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fclemeyecek kadar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck cisimlerin birka\u00e7 mercek yard\u0131m\u0131yle b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fclerek g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn incelenmesini sa\u011flayan optik bir alettir. \u00d6ncelikle isminden de anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, mikroplar\u0131n incelenmesi akla geliyorsa da asl\u0131nda sanayi, metalurji,…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8432,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[92],"tags":[2699,2700,1397,2701,1732],"class_list":["post-2472","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim","tag-auton-van-leeuwenhoek","tag-galilei-galileo","tag-mikroskop","tag-mikroskopun-icadi","tag-robert-hook"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2472"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2472"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2472\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12113,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2472\/revisions\/12113"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/8432"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2472"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2472"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2472"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}