Buhar makinesi, buhar\u0131n sahip oldu\u011fu enerjiyi kullanarak mekanik enerji elde etmeye yarayan makinedir. Esas olarak \u0131s\u0131 enerjisini mekanik enerjiye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr. Buhar\u0131 meydana getiren molek\u00fcller, ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131 \u0131s\u0131 enerjisi dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, s\u00fcrekli hareket halinde oldu\u011fundan, bulunduklar\u0131 kab\u0131n \u00e7eperlerine bas\u0131n\u00e7 yaparak kuvvet uygularlar. Bu da mekanik olarak bir itme kuvveti kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Pistonun gidip-gelmesi, piston koluna ba\u011flanan bir su tulumbas\u0131n\u0131n koluyla su pompalamada veya piston koluna ba\u011flanan bir krank-biyel mekanizmas\u0131yla d\u00f6nme hareketi elde etmek amac\u0131yla pek\u00e7ok end\u00fcstriyel sahada kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Buhar enerjisinden faydalanarak mekanik enerji elde edilen di\u011fer bir \u015fekil, en geli\u015fmi\u015f buhar makinas\u0131 olan buhar t\u00fcrbinlerinde buhar\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
End\u00fcstrinin geli\u015fmesinde buhar makinesinin b\u00fcy\u00fck rol\u00fc vard\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc buhar makinas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan g\u00fc\u00e7, o zamana kadar kullan\u0131lan makinalardaki gibi belli bir yere ba\u011fl\u0131 de\u011fildir. \u0130ki asra yak\u0131n bir zamana kadar end\u00fcstriye ve ula\u015f\u0131m ara\u00e7lar\u0131na hakim olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
Mekanik olarak buhar\u0131n enerjisinden faydalanmay\u0131 ilk olarak bir Frans\u0131z m\u00fchendisi olan Salomon de Caus<\/strong> d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 1663\u2019lerde Worcester Markis<\/strong>i\u2019nin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 buhar \u00e7e\u015fmesi denen makina, Salomon de Caus\u2019un d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinden hareketle yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu sayede buhar bas\u0131nc\u0131ndan faydalanarak suyun y\u00fckseklere \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilmesi sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1698 y\u0131l\u0131nda bir \u0130ngiliz olan Thomas Savery<\/strong> buhar pompas\u0131 denen ve su pompalamada kullan\u0131lan makinay\u0131 yapt\u0131. Bu makina tamamen buhar\u0131n \u0131s\u0131t\u0131l\u0131p so\u011futulmas\u0131ndan ileri gelen bas\u0131n\u00e7 y\u00fckselme ve d\u00fc\u015fmeleri net\u00eecesindeki bas\u0131n\u00e7 fark\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n Bir pistonun bir silindir i\u00e7inde hareketini sa\u011flayacak \u015fekilde buhar bas\u0131nc\u0131ndan faydalanma, 1679\u2019larda buharl\u0131 tencerenin bulucusu olan Frans\u0131z fizik\u00e7i Denis Papin<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi. Bu prensipten hareketle bir emme tulumbas\u0131n\u0131n kolunu, silindir i\u00e7inde hareket eden pistonla irtibatlayarak, su pompalamaya yarayan ve Savery\u2019in buhar pompas\u0131ndan daha de\u011fi\u015fik, geli\u015fmi\u015f bir buhar makinas\u0131 Thomas Newcomen<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131ld\u0131. Newcomen makinas\u0131 ile ayn\u0131 g\u00e2yeler i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilen Savery buhar pompas\u0131nda hareketli herhangi bir piston yoktur. Buhar elde etmeye yarayan kazan, suyu emmeye ve basmaya yarayan oval bir kap ve bu kab\u0131n emme ve basma taraf\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 borulardan ib\u00e2retti. Ayr\u0131ca borularda suyun a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 do\u011fru ka\u00e7mamas\u0131 i\u00e7in tek y\u00f6nl\u00fc kapaklar bulunurdu. Oval kaba buhar g\u00f6nderilince, daha \u00f6nce emilen ve kapta bulunan su, basma borusundan yukar\u0131 bas\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Sonra buhar vanas\u0131 kapat\u0131l\u0131p, oval kaptaki buhar, ba\u015fka bir kaptan g\u00f6nderilen su ile yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kaptaki bas\u0131n\u00e7 atmosfer bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015ferdi. Net\u00eecede emme su borusundan kab\u0131n i\u00e7ine dolup, bu su tekrar buhar g\u00f6nderilerek yukar\u0131 bas\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n Newcomen makinas\u0131, Savery pompas\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 olarak piston-silindir sistemine s\u00e2hiptir. Kazandan silindire g\u00f6nderilen buhar, su p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtmek s\u00fbretiyle so\u011futulup, olu\u015fan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bas\u0131n\u00e7 pistonun a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 inmesini sa\u011flar. Meydana gelen art\u0131k su bir boruyla d\u0131\u015far\u0131 at\u0131l\u0131p, tekrar silindire buhar g\u00f6nderilmek s\u00fbretiyle de pistonun yukar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 sa\u011flan\u0131r. Pistona ba\u011fl\u0131 bir piston kolu, bir emme-basma\u00a0tulumbas\u0131n\u0131n yatay koluna ba\u011flanarak pistonun a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 hareketi pompalama i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Her iki makina ke\u015fif zamanlar\u0131na g\u00f6re geli\u015fmi\u015f makinalar olsa da verimleri \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/p>\n D\u00f6ner hareket elde edilen buhar makinalar\u0131ndaki en \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmeyi James Watt<\/strong> ad\u0131nda bir \u0130ngiliz yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Pistonun her iki y\u00fcz\u00fcne buhar g\u00f6ndermek s\u00fbretiyle hareketi sa\u011flanan bu makinada buhar\u0131n s\u0131rayla pistonun her iki y\u00fcz\u00fcne girip \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak g\u00e2yesiyle d\u00f6nme hareketine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan \u00e7e\u015fitli kapaklar kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bunlar buhar pistonunun bir y\u00fcz\u00fcne girerken,di\u011fer y\u00fczdeki art\u0131k buhar\u0131n d\u0131\u015far\u0131 at\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan delikleri s\u0131rayla a\u00e7\u0131p kapamaya yarar.Pistonun her iki y\u00fcz\u00fcne ard arda tesir eden buhar, pistonun gidip-gelme hareketi yapmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Bu gidip-gelme hareketi ise, piston kolu v\u00e2s\u0131tas\u0131yla krank mili harekete ge\u00e7irilerek d\u00f6nme hareketine \u00e7evrilir. Piston kolu ile krank kolu aras\u0131nda biyel denen bir kol daha vard\u0131r. Bu kol eski makinalarda do\u011frudan bir ucu piston koluna, di\u011fer ucu krank koluna mafsall\u0131 olarak yerle\u015ftirilir.<\/p>\n Daha sonralar\u0131 1803\u2019te Richard Trevithick<\/strong>\u2019in buldu\u011fu kayar kafa sistemiyle pistonun biyele birle\u015fti\u011fi mafsal d\u00fczg\u00fcn olarak aynen piston gibi gidip-gelme yapacak \u015fekilde tesbit edilmi\u015ftir. Piston kolunun do\u011frudan krank koluna ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu, yani biyelin\u00a0olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sistemler de vard\u0131r. Pistonun her iki y\u00f6ne en fazla gidebilece\u011fi noktada piston kolu ile krank kolu ayn\u0131 do\u011fru \u00fczerine gelir. Bu noktalara \u00f6l\u00fc noktalar denir. Bu \u00f6l\u00fc noktalardan krank\u0131n ge\u00e7mesi i\u00e7in tek silindirli makinalarda volan denen ve krankla birlikte d\u00f6nen k\u00fctlelerin at\u00e2letlerinden faydalan\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7ok silindirli makinalarda ise krank kollar\u0131 aras\u0131nda belli bir a\u00e7\u0131 olacak \u015fekilde yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n Lokomotif, gemi, otomobil gibi v\u00e2s\u0131talar\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7irmekte ve \u00e7e\u015fitli san\u00e2yi alanlar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan d\u00f6ner hareketli buhar makinalar\u0131n\u0131n pek\u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitleri vard\u0131r. Buhar makinalar\u0131nda en \u00f6nemli konu, verimin y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131d\u0131r. En y\u00fcksek verim, y\u00e2ni s\u0131cak buhardan elde edilecek en b\u00fcy\u00fck mekanik enerji, giri\u015fte y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 ve \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015fta d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131yla elde edilir. Mesel\u00e2 buhar enerjisini tam\u00e2men kullanmak i\u00e7in y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir silindirden \u00e7\u0131kan buhar, al\u00e7ak bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir silindire g\u00f6nderilmek s\u00fbretiyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan kademeli veya bile\u015fik buhar makinalar\u0131n\u0131n al\u00e7ak-orta-y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 silindirli olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 kademeli olanlar\u0131 da vard\u0131r. Hatt\u00e2, iki orta bas\u0131n\u00e7 silindiri bulunan d\u00f6rt kademeli makinalar bile yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, fakat pek tutulmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u00dc\u00e7 kademeli makinalar genellikle deniz ara\u00e7lar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1930\u2019lara kadar Atlas Okyanusunda yolcu ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015f olan Olympic gemisinin makinas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 kademelidir. \u00d6yle ki al\u00e7ak bas\u0131n\u00e7 silindirinin \u00e7ap\u0131 2,5 metreye yak\u0131nd\u0131r. Kademeli makinalar\u0131n silindirleri yan yana d\u00fc\u015fey olabildi\u011fi gibi, yatay veya kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 da vard\u0131r. Di\u011fer bir ilgi \u00e7ekici buhar makinas\u0131 tipi de merkezden buhar \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015fl\u0131 veya e\u015fak\u0131ml\u0131 denen makinalard\u0131r. Bunlarda buhar, silindirin ucundan girer, piston silindirin ortas\u0131ndan ge\u00e7erken tam silindirin orta k\u0131sm\u0131nda bulunan delikleri a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f olur ve b\u00f6ylece buhar hi\u00e7 y\u00f6n de\u011fi\u015ftirmeden d\u0131\u015far\u0131 at\u0131l\u0131r. Bu tip makina ilk kez 1908\u2019lerde Johann Stumpf<\/strong> ad\u0131ndaki Alman taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Daha sonralar\u0131 ABD, \u0130ngiltere, Almanya ve \u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019de \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck merkezden buhar \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015fl\u0131 makinalar yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n silindir say\u0131s\u0131 5\u2019e, g\u00fc\u00e7leri 30.000 beygire kadar olanlar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Buhar makinalar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan buhar, \u00e7e\u015fitli tipleri olan buhar kazanlar\u0131nda \u00fcretilir.\u00a0 Pistonlu buhar makinalar\u0131n\u0131n yerine ge\u00e7en buhar t\u00fcrbinlerinin buhar\u0131 da yine buhar kazanlar\u0131ndan sa\u011flan\u0131r. Pistonlu buhar makinalar\u0131 art\u0131k yerini dizel motorlar\u0131na, patlamal\u0131 motorlara ve elektrik motorlar\u0131na b\u0131rakmaktad\u0131r. Fakat termik santrallarda elektrik \u00fcretiminde kullan\u0131lan buhar t\u00fcrbinleri modern bir buhar makinas\u0131 olarak h\u00e2l\u00e2 ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini korumaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Buhar makinesi, buhar\u0131n sahip oldu\u011fu enerjiyi kullanarak mekanik enerji elde etmeye yarayan makinedir. Esas olarak \u0131s\u0131 enerjisini mekanik enerjiye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr. Buhar\u0131 meydana getiren molek\u00fcller, ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131 \u0131s\u0131 enerjisi dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, s\u00fcrekli hareket…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10098,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[317,1],"tags":[1440,1441,1442,1443],"class_list":["post-2529","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-is-dunyasi","category-teknoloji","tag-buhar-makinesi","tag-denis-papin","tag-salomon-de-caus","tag-thomas-savery"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2529"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2529"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2529\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11019,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2529\/revisions\/11019"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/10098"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2529"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2529"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2529"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}