\u00c7elik, bile\u015fiminde % 1,8\u2019den daha az karbon bulunan, demir karbon ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7elik \u00fcretimi ekonomilerin geli\u015fme g\u00f6stergelerinden biridir ve \u00e7elik \u00fcretimi basit madencilik ve \u00e7ift\u00e7ili\u011fin tersine teknolojiye ihtiya\u00e7 duyar. \u00c7elik; demiryollar, motorlu ara\u00e7lar, u\u00e7ak ve di\u011fer modern makinalar i\u00e7in esast\u0131r. Peki \u00e7eli\u011fi kim buldu?<\/p>\n
Y\u00fcksek f\u0131r\u0131ndan elde edilen ham demir % 2-4,5 karbon ve \u00f6nemli miktarda fosfor, k\u00fck\u00fcrt gibi yabanc\u0131 maddeler i\u00e7erir. Bu maddeler gevrekle\u015ftirici etki yapar ve \u00f6zellikle darbelere kar\u015f\u0131 dayan\u0131m\u0131 \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr. B\u00fcy\u00fck bir ham demir par\u00e7a, insan elinden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcp sert bir zemine \u00e7arpsa, kolayl\u0131kla ikiye ayr\u0131labilir. \u0130lk defa 1856\u2019da Henry Bessemer<\/strong>, ham demiri ergiterek i\u00e7inden hava ge\u00e7irdi ve bu k\u0131r\u0131lganl\u0131k yap\u0131c\u0131 maddeleri yakmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131. Yanan maddelerden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan enerji, \u00e7eli\u011fi s\u0131v\u0131 halde tutmaya yetmektedir. B\u00f6ylece \u00e7elik \u00fcretiminde Bessemer y\u00f6ntemi do\u011fdu.<\/p>\n Eskiden \u00e7elik \u00fcretimi \u00e7ok zaman al\u0131yordu ve \u00e7ok pahal\u0131yd\u0131. Bu i\u015flemler \u00e7ok k\u0131sald\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00e7elik \u00fcretimi hem kolayla\u015ft\u0131, hem de\u00a0ekonomik duruma geldi. Bessemer y\u00f6ntemi ile elde edilen \u00e7elikte bir miktar fosfor ve k\u00fck\u00fcrt yanmadan kal\u0131yordu. Bunlar da \u00e7eli\u011fi\u00a0gevrekle\u015ftiriyordu. Bunun \u00fczerine 1876\u2019da Thomas Gillchrist<\/strong>, Bessemer\u2019in, kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 asit astar yerine bazik dolomit astar kullanarak s\u0131v\u0131 \u00e7eli\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yakmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131. B\u00f6ylece iyi kaliteli \u00e7elik elde edildi. Fakat bu us\u00fblde end\u00fcstriyel \u00fcretimin % 5\u2019i veya daha fazlas\u0131 fire olarak at\u0131l\u0131yordu. Her y\u0131l milyonlarca ton makina par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n hurdaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 hurdalar\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 mecburi k\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n 1865\u2019te geli\u015ftirilen Siemens Martin<\/strong> y\u00f6ntemi, sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bu iki olumsuzlu\u011fu ortadan kald\u0131rtacak nitelikteydi. Bu y\u00f6ntemde\u00a0% 100\u2019e kadar istenilen her oranda hurda kullan\u0131labilir. F\u0131r\u0131nlar 300-500 ton kapasitededir. F\u0131r\u0131n \u00f6nce \u00fc\u00e7te bir kapasite hurda malzeme ile doldurulur, kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131 il\u00e2ve edilerek 3 saat \u00fcstten \u0131s\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r. Daha sonra s\u0131v\u0131 ham demir il\u00e2ve edilerek f\u0131r\u0131n kapasitesine \u00e7\u0131k\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130stenilen analize eri\u015fildikten sonra f\u0131r\u0131ndan al\u0131n\u0131r. Bessemer ve Thomas us\u00fcllerine g\u00f6re daha kaliteli \u00e7elik \u00fcretilebilir. Ala\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00e7elik \u00fcretmek de m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Fakat alev s\u0131v\u0131 metalle temas etti\u011fi i\u00e7in ala\u015f\u0131m elemanlar\u0131n\u0131n yanma yoluyla azalmas\u0131 s\u00f6zkonusu olur.<\/p>\n Oksijen \u00fcfleme y\u00f6nteminde, Thomas ve Siemens Martin us\u00fcllerinin \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fckleri bir arada toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ham demir i\u00e7indeki istenmeyen elemanlar\u0131 yakarak uzakla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in teknik safl\u0131kta oksijen kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu sebepten reaksiyonlar daha \u00e7abuk meydana gelmektedir. Hava i\u00e7inde % 79 oran\u0131nda bulunan azot l\u00fczumsuz yere \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lmamaktad\u0131r. Fakat daha \u00f6nemlisi azotu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00e7elik \u00c7elik \u00fcretiminde, LD, LDAC, Kaldo, Elektro-\u00c7elik gibi birbirinden farkl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fik isimler say\u0131labilir. Fakat temelde prensip a\u00e7\u0131klanan \u015fekildedir, b\u00e2z\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck farkl\u0131l\u0131klar mevcuttur. Ala\u015f\u0131ms\u0131z \u00e7elikler genelde ihtiv\u00e2 ettikleri karbona g\u00f6re s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. % 0,8 karbon ihtiv\u00e2 edenlere \u00f6tektoit, daha az oranda karbon ihtiv\u00e2 edenlere \u00f6tektoit-alt\u0131, % 0,8\u2019den daha fazla karbon ihtiv\u00e2 edenlere \u00f6tektoit-\u00fcst\u00fc \u00e7elik denir. Karbon durumuna g\u00f6re bir ba\u015fka s\u0131n\u0131flama \u015f\u00f6yledir: % 0,1-0,2 karbon ihtiv\u00e2 edenlere yumu\u015fak \u00e7elik, % 0,2-0,3 karbon ihtiv\u00e2 edenlere az karbonlu \u00e7elik, % 0,3-0,85 karbon ihtiv\u00e2 edenlere orta karbonlu \u00e7elikler denir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u00c7elik, bile\u015fiminde % 1,8\u2019den daha az karbon bulunan, demir karbon ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7elik \u00fcretimi ekonomilerin geli\u015fme g\u00f6stergelerinden biridir ve \u00e7elik \u00fcretimi basit madencilik ve \u00e7ift\u00e7ili\u011fin tersine teknolojiye ihtiya\u00e7 duyar. \u00c7elik; demiryollar,…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[317],"tags":[1449,1448,1450,1451],"class_list":["post-2570","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-is-dunyasi","tag-celik","tag-henry-bessemer","tag-siemens-martin","tag-thomas-gillchrist"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2570"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2570"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2570\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8032,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2570\/revisions\/8032"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2570"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2570"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2570"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\n\u00fcretilebilmektedir.<\/p>\n