{"id":2581,"date":"2015-03-12T01:40:36","date_gmt":"2015-03-11T23:40:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=2581"},"modified":"2018-10-08T12:35:45","modified_gmt":"2018-10-08T10:35:45","slug":"civi-yazisini-kim-buldu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=2581","title":{"rendered":"\u00c7ivi Yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kim buldu"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00c7ivi yaz\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ok eski devirlere ait olan Mezopotamya\u2019daki kavimlerin kulland\u0131klar\u0131 bir yaz\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fididir. Yaz\u0131lar\u0131n her birisi \u00e7iviye benzedi\u011fi i\u00e7in bu isim verilmi\u015ftir. Yaz\u0131 karekterleri yar\u0131m \u00fc\u00e7gen, birbirine kar\u015f\u0131 z\u0131t y\u00f6nde \u00e7izilmi\u015f \u00e7izgiler, dikey \u00e7ivi, yatay \u00e7ivi, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 ve yukar\u0131 e\u011fik \u00e7ivi, k\u00f6\u015fe \u00e7engeli, gibi yaz\u0131lard\u0131r. \u00c7ivi yaz\u0131s\u0131 soldan sa\u011fa do\u011fru yaz\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

S\u00fcmerler ve \u00c7ivi Yaz\u0131s\u0131<\/h2>\n

\u00c7ivi yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ilk bulan S\u00fcmerler<\/strong> olmu\u015ftur. M.\u00d6. 3500-3000 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda S\u00fcmerler taraf\u0131ndan Uruk \u015fehrinde geli\u015ftirilen bu yaz\u0131 sistemi Mezopotamya\u2019ya gelip yerle\u015fenler taraf\u0131ndan da kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sonraki d\u00f6nemlerde Mezopotamya d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki kavimlerin Asurlular, Hititler, \u0130ranl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan da kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 5000 sene \u00f6nce \u00e7ivi yaz\u0131s\u0131yla ta\u015flar \u00fczerine yaz\u0131lan Hammurabi kanunlar\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar saklanabilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

S\u00fcmerce, yaz\u0131ya d\u00f6k\u00fclebilen ilk dil oldu. Ama belirli bir alfabesi de yoktu. Basit\u00a0 resimler halinde yaz\u0131lan S\u00fcmerce metinlere Irak’ ta, Basra K\u00f6rfezi’nin yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda rastland\u0131. Bu metinler, M.\u00d6. 3500 y\u0131l\u0131ndan\u00a0 kalmayd\u0131. S\u00fcmerler, kalem olarak \u00e7ivi \u015feklinde ve \u00fc\u00e7gen iz b\u0131rakan bir aletle, yumu\u015fak bal\u00e7\u0131k ve kil tabakalar\u0131ndan yapt\u0131klar\u0131 plakalar \u00fczerine yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131\u00a0 yazd\u0131lar. Sonra bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck tabletler, g\u00fcne\u015fin alt\u0131nda pi\u015firilerek kurutuldu. Binlercesi, en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir hasar g\u00f6rmeden g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar\u00a0 ula\u015fabildi.\u00a0 Bunlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131nda, S\u00fcmer din adamlar\u0131n\u0131n ekonomik faaliyetlerini g\u00f6steren alt\u0131n, kuma\u015f, koyun ve inek gibi ticaret mallar\u0131n\u0131n listeleri vard\u0131.\u00a0 S\u00fcmerlerin ekonomik etkinlikleri, \u00e7evrelerindeki Persleri, Babillileri ve Asurlular\u0131 da \u00e7ivi yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmeye itti.\u00a0B\u00fcy\u00fck Mezopotamya uygarl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc, S\u00fcmerler, Akadlar,\u00a0Babilliler, Elamlar,\u00a0Hatti, Hititler,\u00a0Asurlular,\u00a0Hurriler M.\u00d6. 100 e kadar alfabe icat edilinceye kadar kadar \u00e7iviyaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kulland\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk yaz\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fc olan \u00e7ivi yaz\u0131s\u0131, ta\u015flar\u0131n \u00fczerine resimler ya da harfler ile \u00f6zel bir teknikle yaz\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7ivi yaz\u0131s\u0131 papir\u00fcs\u00fcn bulunmas\u0131 ile son bulmu\u015ftur. \u0130fade edilmek istenen kavramlarda, var olan kay\u0131t sisteminin yetersiz kalmas\u0131, yaz\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesinde \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir ad\u0131m at\u0131lmas\u0131na neden oldu. Bu, kullan\u0131lan dilin, ilk olarak aktif bir bi\u00e7imde yaz\u0131ya ge\u00e7irilmesi olay\u0131d\u0131r. Bu a\u015famada, S\u00fcmer dilinin \u00e7o\u011funlukla tek heceli kelimelerden olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n da b\u00fcy\u00fck pay\u0131 vard\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece, \u00e7izilen her i\u015farette, tasvir edilen nesne de\u011fil, bu kelimenin ses de\u011feri \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ivi yaz\u0131s\u0131 hece sistemine dayanan bir yaz\u0131 <\/a>sistemi oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, sesli harflerin birer i\u015faretle g\u00f6sterilebilmelerine kar\u015f\u0131n, sessiz olanlar\u00a0 mutlaka bir sesli ile birlikte belirtilmek zorundad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

\"gilgamis-destani\"
G\u0131lgam\u0131\u015f Destan\u0131<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Mezopotamya’n\u0131n eski \u00e7ivi yaz\u0131l\u0131 tabletleri, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ldu ve de\u015fifre edildiklerinde, insanlar\u0131n tarih anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 tam anlam\u0131yla de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. Tabletlerin ke\u015ffinden \u00f6nce, Kutsal Kitaplar d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en eski ve en yetkili kitaplar\u0131 olarak kabul ediliyordu. Parlak bir bilim adam\u0131 ve \u00e7evirmen olan George Smith (1840-1876), 1872’de, G\u0131lgam\u0131\u015f Destan\u0131’n\u0131n terc\u00fcmesiyle tarih anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 tamamen de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. Bu \u00e7eviri, tarihin kutsal kitaplara g\u00f6re yorumlanmas\u0131 \u015feklindeki geleneksel anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 tersine \u00e7evirdi. Tarih ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131nda ilerlemek i\u00e7in nesnel ve bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar \u00f6enm kazand\u0131. Bu sayede bulunan di\u011fer \u00e7ivi yaz\u0131l\u0131 tabletlerin yorumlanmas\u0131 ve ge\u00e7mi\u015fe \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutmas\u0131 sa\u011fland\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ivi Yaz\u0131s\u0131 \u0130le Yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Edebi Eserler<\/h3>\n

Mezopotamya’da \u00e7ivi yaz\u0131s\u0131 ile yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f edebi eserler aras\u0131nda Atrahasis, \u0130nanna Destan\u0131, Etana Efsanesi, Enuma Eli\u015f ve \u00fcnl\u00fc G\u0131lgam\u0131\u015f Destan\u0131 gibileri bulundu. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131na kadar tabletlerde ne yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 tamamen \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclemedi. Fakat George Smith ve Henry Rawlinson (1810-1895) gibi dilbilimciler, s\u00fcmer dilini de\u015fifre etti ve tabletleri \u0130ngilizce’ye \u00e7evirdi.<\/p>\n

Rawlinson’un Mezopotamya metinlerine ait terc\u00fcmeleri ilk olarak 1837’de sonra yine 1839’da Londra Kraliyet Asya Cemiyeti’ne sunuldu. 1846’da, Ninova kaz\u0131lar\u0131nda arkeolog Austin Henry Layard ile birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. O kaz\u0131 alan\u0131nda bulunan d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ilk k\u00fct\u00fcphanesi<\/a> Ashurbanipal k\u00fct\u00fcphanesinden ilk \u00e7evirileri yapt\u0131. George Smith ise yine ayn\u0131 k\u00fct\u00fcphaneden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan G\u0131lgam\u0131\u015f Destan\u0131’n\u0131 1872’de terc\u00fcme etti.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00c7ivi yaz\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ok eski devirlere ait olan Mezopotamya\u2019daki kavimlerin kulland\u0131klar\u0131 bir yaz\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fididir. Yaz\u0131lar\u0131n her birisi \u00e7iviye benzedi\u011fi i\u00e7in bu isim verilmi\u015ftir. Yaz\u0131 karekterleri yar\u0131m \u00fc\u00e7gen, birbirine kar\u015f\u0131 z\u0131t y\u00f6nde…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10083,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[1522,86],"class_list":["post-2581","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-egitim","tag-civi-yazisi","tag-yazi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2581"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2581"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2581\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12378,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2581\/revisions\/12378"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/10083"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2581"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2581"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2581"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}