{"id":2707,"date":"2012-01-07T05:51:29","date_gmt":"2012-01-07T03:51:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=2707"},"modified":"2018-03-14T13:37:17","modified_gmt":"2018-03-14T11:37:17","slug":"elektron-mikroskobunu-kim-buldu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=2707","title":{"rendered":"Elektron Mikroskobunu kim buldu"},"content":{"rendered":"

Elektron Mikroskobu bir cismin b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc elde etmek i\u00e7in elektron kullan\u0131lan mikroskop t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. Elektron mikroskoplar\u0131nda bir cismi yakla\u015f\u0131k bir milyon defa b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fcp, bunu bir ekranda g\u00f6stermek ve buradan foto\u011fraf\u0131n\u0131 almak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Mesel\u00e2, bu kadar b\u00fcy\u00fctmeyle bir kristal \u015febekesindeki atomlar\u0131n dizili\u015findeki \u00e7arp\u0131lmalar\u0131 g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. En iyi optik mikroskoplarda ise bu b\u00fcy\u00fctme ancak birka\u00e7 bin defa olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Optik mikroskoplar\u0131n geli\u015fmesi ile daha b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler elde edilmi\u015ftir. Ancak optik mikroskoplar\u0131n, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n yar\u0131 dalga boyu olan 250 nm\u2019den daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ayr\u0131nt\u0131y\u0131 g\u00f6stermeleri m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Elektronlar, \u00f6nceleri \u201ckatot \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131\u201d ismiyle kullan\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. Bunlar\u00a0vakum t\u00fcpleri i\u00e7inde elde edilip, elektrik alanlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. Elektrik ve manyetik alanlar taraf\u0131ndan sapt\u0131r\u0131lan bu \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar, bir ekranda g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr h\u00e2le getirilirdi. Bunun yan\u0131nda, elektrik ta\u015f\u0131yan bobin kullan\u0131larak katot \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir alana odaklamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Elektron Mikroskobu’nu kim icat etti<\/h2>\n

\u0130lk defa 1926\u2019da Alman fizik\u00e7isi Hans Busch<\/b>\u00a0teorik olarak optik merce\u011fin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir odakta toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, manyetik sarg\u0131n\u0131n, elektronlar\u0131 bir odakta toplayabilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.\u00a0Busch\u00a0<\/b>Elektron opti\u011finin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc ve elektron mikroskobu i\u00e7in teorik temelleri atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ernst Ruska, Archives Elektrotechnik dergisinde yay\u0131nlanan, optik camlar taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n k\u0131r\u0131lma \u015fekline benzer \u015fekilde, elektron \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6nlendirmek i\u00e7in manyetik alanlar\u0131n kullan\u0131labilece\u011fini \u00f6nerildi\u011fi, Busch taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 okudu.<\/p>\n

Ernst Ruska<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\"ernst-ruska\"<\/p>\n

1928\u2019de Berlin Teknik \u00dcniversitesinde\u00a0Fizik\u00e7i olan\u00a0Ernst Ruska <\/strong>ve\u00a0elektrik m\u00fchendisi\u00a0<\/strong>Max Knoll<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan deneylerle art arda b\u00fcy\u00fctme kullanarak b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler elde etmenin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kullan\u0131lan iki bobinle mikroskobik cisimleri 13 defa b\u00fcy\u00fctmeyi ba\u015farm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.\u00a01931 y\u0131l\u0131nda d\u00f6rt y\u00fcz g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fctme yetene\u011fine sahip prototip elektron mikroskobunu kurdular; yapt\u0131klar\u0131 prototip elektron mikroskobu ilkelerinin ilk olarak hayata ge\u00e7irilmesi idi. \u0130ki y\u0131l sonra, 1933’te, Ernst Ruska optik (\u0131\u015f\u0131k) mikroskobuyla elde edilebilen \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc a\u015fan bir elektron mikroskobu yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk pratik elektron mikroskobunun 1933\u2019te Ernst Ruska<\/strong>\u00a0ve Max Knoll<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan icat edildi\u011fi bilinmektedir. Elektron merceklerinde daha sonra yap\u0131lan geli\u015fmelerle, manyetik bobin bir demir kap i\u00e7ine al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve i\u00e7 halkada k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir hava deli\u011fi b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Esas olarak bu prensip g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ernst Ruska ile elektron mikroskobu, optik mikroskobun<\/a> b\u00fcy\u00fctme g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc geride b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Optik mikroskoplarda g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcn\u00fcn elde edilmesinde \u0131\u015f\u0131k kullan\u0131l\u0131rken, elektron mikroskoplar\u0131nda, \u0131\u015f\u0131k yerine elektron kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Elektronun dalga boyu, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011fa g\u00f6re birka\u00e7 bin defa daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, bu mikroskopla daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler elde etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Elektron mikroskoplar\u0131n\u0131n en \u00e7ok kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerler; metallerdeki atom dizilerindeki \u00e7arp\u0131lmalar, vir\u00fcs ve bakterilerin yap\u0131lar\u0131 ve her t\u00fcrl\u00fc y\u00fczeylerin incelenmesi olarak say\u0131labilir. Uygulamada bu mikroskoplar tam b\u00fcy\u00fctme kapasiteleri ile nadiren kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Yeni geli\u015fmelerle, 50 nm\u2019lik bir b\u00f6lgede, mevcut her kimy\u00e2sal eleman\u0131n yayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 X \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesi ile mikro kimy\u00e2sal analiz yap\u0131labilmektedir. Bu suretle 10-16 graml\u0131k bir miktar analiz i\u00e7in yeterli olmaktad\u0131r. Elektron mikroskoplar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma prensibi\u00a0y\u00f6n\u00fcnden ikiye ay\u0131rmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bir t\u00fcr\u00fcnde, g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc, yans\u0131yan elektron \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131ndan faydalan\u0131larak elde edilirken, di\u011fer t\u00fcr\u00fcnde cisimden ge\u00e7en \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcy\u00fc meydana getirmektedir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Elektron Mikroskobu bir cismin b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc elde etmek i\u00e7in elektron kullan\u0131lan mikroskop t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. Elektron mikroskoplar\u0131nda bir cismi yakla\u015f\u0131k bir milyon defa b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fcp, bunu bir ekranda g\u00f6stermek ve buradan foto\u011fraf\u0131n\u0131 almak…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10349,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[92,1],"tags":[2759,2060,2757,2758,1397],"class_list":["post-2707","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim","category-teknoloji","tag-busch","tag-elektron-mikroskobu","tag-ernst-ruska","tag-max-knoll","tag-mikroskop"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2707"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2707"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2707\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11433,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2707\/revisions\/11433"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/10349"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2707"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2707"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2707"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}