Yunanca \u201cphilos\u201d (sevgi) ve \u201csofia\u201d (bilgelik)\u00a0kelimelerinden meydana gelmi\u015f bir terimdir. \u201cPhilosophie\u201d kelime anlam\u0131 olarak \u201cbilgelik sevgisi\u201d\u00a0demektir. Madde-hayat-yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f-k\u00e2in\u00e2t-ruh-\u00f6l\u00fcm-\u00f6l\u00fcm sonras\u0131 gibi konularda insan \u00e7abas\u0131n\u0131n akla\u00a0dayanarak ortaya koydu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin tamam\u0131na \u201cfelsefe\u201d denir. Felsefede amac\u0131n,\u00a0\u201cher\u015feyin asl\u0131n\u0131 aramak\u201d oldu\u011fu kabul edilir.<\/p>\n
\u0130lk ve orta\u00e7a\u011f filozoflar\u0131 felsefeyi \u201cvarl\u0131klar\u0131n, prensiplerin ve sebeplerin ilmi\u201d \u015feklinde t\u00e2rif etmi\u015flerdir.\u00a0G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn genel tarifi ise; \u201cMadde ve hay\u00e2t\u0131, k\u00e2in\u00e2t, toplum, ruh gibi varl\u0131klar\u0131 din ve tanr\u0131 konular\u0131n\u0131\u00a0inceleyen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce gayreti ve bunun sonu\u00e7lar\u0131\u201d \u015feklindedir.<\/p>\n
Eski Yunanistan\u2019da b\u00fct\u00fcn bilimler, felsefe i\u00e7inde incelenirdi. Filozoflar, ahlak, mant\u0131k, metafizik gibi as\u0131l\u00a0konular\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131s\u0131ra; astronomi, fizik, do\u011fa tarihi gibi bilim dallar\u0131yla da u\u011fra\u015f\u0131rlard\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc felsefenin\u00a0temeli olan \u201cd\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme\u201d, ancak \u201cbilgi\u201d ile m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilirdi. Fen bilimlerine, \u00f6nce \u0130slam alimlerinin sonra da bat\u0131l\u0131 bilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131\u00a0sonucunda zamanla g\u00f6zlem, inceleme, deneyin girmesiyle, bu\u00a0bilgiler felsefeden ayr\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n
M.\u00d6. 600 y\u0131llar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan Tales (Thales<\/a>), ilk filozof olarak kabul edilir. Mensubu oldu\u011fu \u0130yon felsefe\u00a0okulu; \u201cD\u00fcnya neden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r?\u201d sorusuna cevap aram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu soruya, \u00e7e\u015fitli g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler \u00f6ne s\u00fcrerek\u00a0cevap verenlere; \u201cNereden biliyorsunuz?\u201d sorusu soruldu ve bunlara \u201csofistler\u201d denildi.<\/p>\n Sokrates ise sofistlerin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini g\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00e7 bularak, her \u015feyden \u00f6nce \u201cNeye\u00a0yarar?\u201d sorusuna cevap verilmesini, felsefenin temeli yapt\u0131. Daha sonra gelen filozoflar bu sorulara\u00a0\u201c\u0130nsan ve d\u00fcnya ni\u00e7in vard\u0131r?\u201d, \u201cKim var etmi\u015ftir?\u201d, \u201cNe zaman var olmu\u015ftur?\u201d, \u201cVarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nas\u0131ld\u0131r?\u201d,\u00a0\u201cSonunda ne olacakt\u0131r?\u201d, \u201cRuh nedir?\u201d, \u201cTanr\u0131 nedir?\u201d, \u201cAhlak nedir?\u201d, \u201c\u0130deal ahlak nedir, nas\u0131l\u00a0olmal\u0131d\u0131r?\u201d, \u201cToplumun d\u00fczeni ve iradesinin prensipleri nelerdir?\u201d, \u201cE\u011fitim ve e\u011fitimden beklenenler\u00a0nelerdir?\u201d… gibi pek\u00e7ok sorular bulup sordular ve bunlara kendi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ve anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131na dayanarak\u00a0cevaplar verdiler.<\/p>\n Her \u00e7a\u011fda gelen filozoflar, bir \u00f6ncekilerin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinin eksik ve yanl\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stererek k\u0131smen veya\u00a0tam\u00e2men reddettiler ve bu sorulara yeni ba\u015ftan cevaplar arad\u0131lar. Eski Yunan filozoflar\u0131ndan Eflatun\u00a0ve Aristo\u2019nun, daha sonra gelen filozoflar \u00fcst\u00fcndeki etkileri daha uzun \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc oldu.<\/p>\n G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz felsefesini \u0130ngiliz filozofu Froncis Bacon<\/strong> ile Frans\u0131z filozofu Ren\u00e9 Descartes<\/strong>\u2019in kurdu\u011fu kabul edilir. Bu iki\u00a0filozofun felsefede \u201cmetod\u201d \u00fcst\u00fcne g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri kendilerinden sonra gelenleri de etkilemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Felsefenin tek dayana\u011f\u0131 ak\u0131ld\u0131r. Filozoflar, \u00e7e\u015fitli bilgilerini ak\u0131l yoluyla bir d\u00fczene sokarak, yukar\u0131daki\u00a0sorulara cevap vermek istemi\u015flerdir. Fakat, gerek zamanla deneysel bilgilerin de\u011fi\u015fmesi ve gerekse bir\u00a0ba\u015fka insan\u0131n akl\u0131n\u0131n bir \u00f6nceki filozoftan daha farkl\u0131 bir yap\u0131ya sahip olmas\u0131 sebebiyle kurduklar\u0131 Tarih boyuca stoac\u0131l\u0131k,\u00a0epikuros\u00e7uluk, \u015f\u00fcphecilik, yeni Efl\u00e2tunculuktan ba\u015fka amprzim, do\u011fmatizm, pragmatizm, pozitivizm,\u00a0materyalizm, iskolatizm, transandantalizm, determinizm, realizm, idealizm, nihilizm, egzistansiyalizm,\u00a0mistisizm gibi felsefi ak\u0131mlar ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Bu arada eski \u00c7in ve Hindistanda da farkl\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lardan bat\u0131\u00a0filozoflar\u0131na yakla\u015fan veya ayn\u0131 felsefi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler \u00f6ne s\u00fcrenler oldu. Tarih boyunca ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f filozoflar\u00a0i\u00e7inde Sokrates, Aristo<\/a>, Efl\u00e2tun (Platon), Demokritos, Epikuros, F\u00e2r\u00e2bi<\/a>, \u0130bn-i R\u00fc\u015fd, Thomas,\u00a0Montaigne, Bacon, Descartes, Spinoza, Berkeley, Kant, Hegel, KarlMarx, Schopenhauner, Og\u00fcst\u00a0Compte, Bergson, H\u00fcsserl, Sartre me\u015fhur olmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Yunanca \u201cphilos\u201d (sevgi) ve \u201csofia\u201d (bilgelik)\u00a0kelimelerinden meydana gelmi\u015f bir terimdir. \u201cPhilosophie\u201d kelime anlam\u0131 olarak \u201cbilgelik sevgisi\u201d\u00a0demektir. Madde-hayat-yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f-k\u00e2in\u00e2t-ruh-\u00f6l\u00fcm-\u00f6l\u00fcm sonras\u0131 gibi konularda insan \u00e7abas\u0131n\u0131n akla\u00a0dayanarak ortaya koydu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin tamam\u0131na \u201cfelsefe\u201d…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[898],"class_list":["post-2787","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-toplum","tag-felsefe"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2787"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2787"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2787\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12210,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2787\/revisions\/12210"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2787"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2787"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2787"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\nfelsefik sistemler \u015fu veya bu oranda ve bazen tamamen de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u00e7e\u015fitli\u00a0felsefe okullar\u0131 birbirlerini devaml\u0131 reddetmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n