{"id":2958,"date":"2011-12-21T06:18:56","date_gmt":"2011-12-21T04:18:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=2958"},"modified":"2018-09-19T16:06:02","modified_gmt":"2018-09-19T14:06:02","slug":"jeodeziyi-kim-buldu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=2958","title":{"rendered":"Jeodezi’yi kim buldu, kurucusu kim"},"content":{"rendered":"

Jeodezi d\u00fcny\u00e2n\u0131n \u015fekli ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcleri ile\u00a0ilgilenen bilim dal\u0131d\u0131r. Modern jeodezi; kullanma maksad\u0131na g\u00f6re geometrik, fiziksel, astronomik ve uydu\u00a0jeodezisi olarak kollara ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lk \u00fc\u00e7 kol kl\u00e2sik jeodezi olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Uydu jeodezisi ise ilk\u00a0uydunun 1957 senesinde uzaya f\u0131rlat\u0131lmas\u0131 ile ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f oldu. Jeodezi; et\u00fct, haritac\u0131l\u0131k, jeoloji, astronomi ve teorik fizik konular\u0131ndan kaynaklanm\u0131\u015f ve bunlar\u0131n\u00a0 geli\u015fmesine katk\u0131larda bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcny\u00e2n\u0131n, k\u00fcre \u015feklinde oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyen ilk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr m\u00eelatt\u00e2n \u00f6nce be\u015finci as\u0131rda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f\u00a0Parmenides\u2019li Elea<\/strong> isimli bir Eski Yunanl\u0131d\u0131r. Pisagoras<\/strong> ve Plato<\/strong> da d\u00fcny\u00e2n\u0131n yuvarlak oldu\u011funu iddi\u00e2\u00a0etmi\u015flerdir. Aristo<\/strong> <\/a>ise d\u00fcnyan\u0131n yuvarlak oldu\u011fu<\/a> hakk\u0131nda deliller g\u00f6stermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ay tutulmas\u0131nda arz\u0131n
\nay \u00fczerindeki g\u00f6lgesinin \u015fekli, arz\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlerinde farkl\u0131 y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi arz\u0131n d\u00fcz de\u011fil\u00a0yuvarlak oldu\u011funa delil olarak g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zel \u00e2letlerle jeodezi ilmine en \u00e7ok katk\u0131da bulunanlar orta\u00e7a\u011fda \u0130sl\u00e2m \u00e2limleridir. El-B\u00eer\u00fbn\u00ee jeodezi\u00a0ilminin kurucusu olarak bilinir. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar \u015fehirlerin enlem ve boylamlar\u0131n\u0131, da\u011flar\u0131n y\u00fcksekli\u011fini,\u00a0d\u00fcny\u00e2n\u0131n \u00e7ap\u0131n\u0131 matematiksel olarak bulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. Dokuzuncu ve on ikinci y\u00fczy\u0131llar aras\u0131nda 36\u00b0\u00a0kuzey enleminde boylam derecesini, y\u00e2ni 36\u00b0 kuzey enlemindeki iki boylam aras\u0131ndaki mesafeyi 8759\u00a0metre olarak \u00f6l\u00e7t\u00fcler.<\/p>\n

El Bir\u00fbn\u00ee<\/strong> jeodezi ve matematiksel co\u011frafya \u00fczerine on be\u015f cilt kitap yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a0Bilhassa enlem ve boylam \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda \u0130bn-i Y\u00fbnus \u00e2deta El-B\u00eer\u00fbn\u00ee\u2019nin tamamlay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Suriye\u2019de\u00a0M\u00fbs\u00e2 bin \u015e\u00e2kir\u2019in o\u011fullar\u0131Ahmed, Mehmed karde\u015fler Sincar Sahras\u0131nda d\u00fcny\u00e2n\u0131n \u00e7ap\u0131n\u0131 bulmak\u00a0maksad\u0131 ile enlem boyunu \u00f6l\u00e7t\u00fcler. Ayn\u0131 t\u00fcr \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 astronom El-Bett\u00e2n\u00ee ve El-Ferg\u00e2n\u00ee de yapt\u0131lar.\u00a0Jeodezi konusunda yine de El-B\u00eer\u00fbn\u00ee en sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hindistan\u2019da yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu\u00a0\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerden d\u00fcny\u00e2 \u00e7evresini 40.000 km olarak hesaplam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a0D\u00fcny\u00e2n\u0131n Elipsoit de\u011fil de Geoit\u00a0\u015feklinde oldu\u011funu da bulmu\u015f olsayd\u0131; hesap, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc hesaplanan de\u011fere \u00e7ok yak\u0131n olacakt\u0131.\u00a0El-B\u00eer\u00fbn\u00ee\u2019nin da\u011flar\u0131n y\u00fcksekliklerini hesaplamaktaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 da k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsenemeyecek \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcdedir.<\/p>\n

Kristof Columbus<\/strong> 1492 senesinde\u00a0\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 seyahatini d\u00fcny\u00e2n\u0131n yuvarlak oldu\u011funu ispat etmekten \u00e7ok, yeni \u00fclkeler bulmak i\u00e7in yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcny\u00e2n\u0131n \u015fekli ile ilgili olarak ba\u015fta bilim adamlar\u0131ndan Isaac Newton<\/strong><\/a> 1687\u2019de d\u00fcny\u00e2n\u0131n d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u00a0sebebiyle ekvator k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n merkezka\u00e7 (santrif\u00fcj) kuvvet etkisi ile \u015fi\u015fkin bir h\u00e2l ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kutuplar\u0131n\u00a0bas\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.\u00a0Bunu 1740\u2019ta \u0130sko\u00e7yal\u0131 bilim adam\u0131 Colin Maclaurin<\/strong> ispat etti. D\u00fcny\u00e2 \u00e7ap\u0131
\nhesab\u0131nda r\u00f6nesans devrinde Frans\u0131z astronomu Jean Fernel<\/strong> 128 km hat\u00e2 yaparak neticeye\u00a0yakla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Do\u011fru de\u011fer 12.762 kilometredir. 1671\u2019de Frans\u0131z Jean Picard<\/strong> ilk hassas \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc\u00a0yaparak do\u011fru de\u011feri buldu. \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerdeki metod El-B\u00eer\u00fbn\u00ee\u2019nin tatbik etti\u011fi iki boylam aras\u0131nda kalan\u00a0enlem par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7mekti. Bir grup bilim adam\u0131 Peru\u2019ya, bir k\u0131sm\u0131 da Lopland\u2019e giderek on sene s\u00fcren\u00a0\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmler sonunda 1737\u2019de Lopland\u2019daki boylam\u0131n Peru\u2019da d\u00fcnyan\u0131n tam yuvarlak olmay\u0131p ekvatordan\u00a0\u015fi\u015fkin elipsoit oldu\u011funu anlad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Modern Jeodezi \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131<\/h2>\n

D\u00fcny\u00e2n\u0131n \u015fekli ve b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn t\u00e2yini jeodezi ilmi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan geometri konusuna girer. Geometri\u00a0yan\u0131nda yer \u00e7ekiminin de rol\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. D\u00fcny\u00e2 tam bir k\u00fcre olarak kabul edilirse, yar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131 6.371.023 m\u00a0civ\u00e2r\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. E\u011fer daha ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i olarak d\u00f6nel elipsoit olarak kabul edilirse, iki asal ekseni
\nmevcuttur. B\u00fcy\u00fck eksende yar\u0131\u00e7ap 6.378.160 m, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck eksende yar\u0131\u00e7ap 6.356.774 m\u2019dir. Bu de\u011ferler\u00a0milletleraras\u0131 jeodezi birli\u011finin 1967\u2019de yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011ferlerdir.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcny\u00e2n\u0131n \u015feklini t\u00e2rif eden en g\u00fczel geometrik \u015fekil geoiddir. Geoid, d\u00fcny\u00e2 yer\u00e7ekimi sahas\u0131 dengeli\u00a0potansiyel d\u00fczeyinin okyanus y\u00fczeyi ile \u00e7ak\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 en uygun \u015fekle denir. (Dengeli potansiyel y\u00fczeyi,\u00a0yer\u00e7ekim kuvvetleri ile d\u00fcny\u00e2n\u0131n d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f kuvvetinin birbirine e\u015fit oldu\u011fu noktalard\u0131r.) Karalar\u0131n
\nbulundu\u011fu k\u0131talarda d\u00fcny\u00e2 k\u00fctlesi okyanuslardakine nazaran daha fazla oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in yer\u00e7ekim sahas\u0131\u00a0k\u0131talarda b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. Elipsoidden farkl\u0131 olarak karalar\u0131n bulundu\u011fu k\u0131s\u0131mlarda \u015fekil \u015fi\u015fkindir. \u0130deal bir\u00a0elipsoid ile geoid aras\u0131nda okyanuslarda \u00b1 1 m; karalarda ortalama \u00b1 100 m fark vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Geometrik Jeodezi<\/h2>\n

Geometrik jeodezi, jeodezi ile ilgili problemlerin do\u011frudan do\u011fruya geometrik usullerle \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcd\u00fcr.
\nHesaplamalar\u0131 yapmadan \u00f6nce \u00f6zel \u00e2letlerle \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc yap\u0131l\u0131r. Yatay ve dikey a\u00e7\u0131lar, \u00e7ok hassas bir \u015fekilde
\nteodolit ile \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr. Mes\u00e2fe, elektronik mesafe \u00f6l\u00e7en cihazlarla \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr. Yatay mesafeler, \u00fc\u00e7genleme
\nmetodu ile \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerek \u00fc\u00e7genin di\u011fer kenarlar\u0131 hesapla bulunur.<\/p>\n

Fiziksel Jeodezi<\/h2>\n

Fiziksel jeodezi, d\u00fcny\u00e2n\u0131n \u00e7ekim kuvvetini esas alarak yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn elipsoit yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n muhtelif
\nnoktalar\u0131ndaki d\u00fczl\u00fck ve y\u00fcksekliklerinin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerek bulunmas\u0131 metodlar\u0131yla ilgilidir. Mutlak \u00e7ekim
\nkuvvetlerinin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesi \u00e7ok zordur. D\u00fcny\u00e2n\u0131n belirli noktalar\u0131nda bu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmler yap\u0131labilir. Kaide olarak
\n\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmler sarka\u00e7lar ile veya serbest d\u00fc\u015fme deneyleri ile yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130kinci D\u00fcny\u00e2 Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ralar\u0131nda yer\u00e7ekimi kuvvetini \u00f6l\u00e7ebilen statik gravimetre cihaz\u0131 geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Bu
\ncihaz hem pratik, hem de hassas \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm yapacak \u00f6zelliktedir. B\u00f6ylece \u00e7ok noktada al\u0131nan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerle
\nd\u00fcnya geoid yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ideal elipsoid yap\u0131s\u0131ndan fark\u0131 kolayl\u0131kla bulunabilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Astronomik Jeodezi<\/h2>\n

Astronomik jeodezi, ger\u00e7ek y\u00f6n jeodezisidir. Y\u00e2ni, d\u00fcny\u00e2n\u0131n herhangi bir noktas\u0131n\u0131n dik do\u011frultusunu
\nekvator ve Greenwich\u2019den ge\u00e7en s\u0131f\u0131r boylam d\u00fczlemine g\u00f6re konumu esas al\u0131n\u0131r. Bu y\u00f6n, o noktan\u0131n
\nastronomik enlem ve boylam\u0131 olarak ifade edilir.\u00a0Astronomik ve jeodezik koordinatlar aras\u0131ndaki fark dikey sapmas\u0131 olarak t\u00e2rif edilir ki, bu jeodezik\u00a0koordinatlardaki elipsoidin o noktadaki e\u011fimlerini verir. Bu e\u011fimlerden geoit haritalar\u0131 say\u0131sal ve grafik\u00a0olarak \u00e7izilir. \u015eu ana kadar d\u00fcny\u00e2n\u0131n Kuzey Amerika, Avrupa veHindistan b\u00f6lgelerini i\u00e7ine alan geoit\u00a0haritalar\u0131 \u00e7izilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Uydu Jeodezisi<\/h2>\n

Uydu arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yap\u0131lan jeodezik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar \u00e7ok yeni olmakla beraber en s\u0131hhatli neticeleri
\nvermektedir.\u00a0Uydu d\u00fcny\u00e2 etraf\u0131nda d\u00fcny\u00e2 \u00fczerindeki noktalara g\u00f6re hareketsizmi\u015f gibi kalmas\u0131 i\u00e7in sekiz km saniye\u00a0h\u0131zla d\u00f6ner. \u0130ncelemeler geometrik ve yer\u00e7ekimi kuvvetleri ile uydu ve mahall\u00ee (lokal) istasyonlar
\naras\u0131nda yap\u0131l\u0131r.\u00a0Uydular mes\u00e2feleri ya foto\u011fraflarla veya laser \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131yla tesbit ederler. Uzaydan \u00e7ekilen foto\u011fraflarda\u00a0k\u0131r\u0131lma etkisi az olur. Yer\u00e7ekim kuvvetleri uydu arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile daha hassas tesbit edilebilir. D\u00fcny\u00e2n\u0131n\u00a0geoit yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n elipsoidinden farklar\u0131 10 m, hata ile haritalanabilecek \u015fekilde uydu ile \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilmektedir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Jeodezi d\u00fcny\u00e2n\u0131n \u015fekli ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcleri ile\u00a0ilgilenen bilim dal\u0131d\u0131r. Modern jeodezi; kullanma maksad\u0131na g\u00f6re geometrik, fiziksel, astronomik ve uydu\u00a0jeodezisi olarak kollara ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lk \u00fc\u00e7 kol kl\u00e2sik jeodezi olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Uydu jeodezisi…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[92],"tags":[2058],"class_list":["post-2958","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bilim","tag-jeodezi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2958"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2958"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2958\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11815,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2958\/revisions\/11815"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2958"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2958"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2958"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}