Karada bulunan yerle\u015fim merkezleri\u00a0aras\u0131nda ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131 sa\u011flayan ba\u011flant\u0131lara yol denir.\u00a0T\u00e2rihin ilk zamanlar\u0131ndan beri izlerin kullan\u0131lmalar\u0131 sonucunda yollar ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak yakla\u015f\u0131k
\nson 100 y\u0131ld\u0131r, k\u0131ymeti artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1830 y\u0131llar\u0131nda, karayollar\u0131, demiryollar\u0131 hesab\u0131na de\u011fer kaybetme\u011fe
\nba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ancak 1930\u2019lardan \u00eetib\u00e2ren kara nakil v\u00e2s\u0131talar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesiyle, karayollar\u0131 tekrar
\ndemiryollar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ti. Hatt\u00e2 demiryollar\u0131n\u0131n tam\u00e2men terk edilece\u011fi fikri ortaya at\u0131ld\u0131. Ancak
\n1970\u2019lerin sonlar\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan petrol krizi ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla enerji problemi, demiryollar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemini
\nkorumakta oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde karayollar\u0131 en yayg\u0131n ula\u015f\u0131m sistemini meydana
\ngetirmektedir.<\/p>\n
Eski yollar:<\/strong> En eski uzun mes\u00e2fe yolu 2700 km\u2019yi bulan Akdeniz\u2019i, Anadolu ve G\u00fcneybat\u0131 Asya Yunanl\u0131 t\u00e2rih\u00e7i Herodot, M.\u00d6. 5. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da, 10 y\u0131lda, B\u00fcy\u00fck Piramitin yap\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in 100.000 ki\u015fi Avrupa\u2019daki ilk uzun yollar ise M.\u00d6. 2000 y\u0131l\u0131na uzanmaktad\u0131r. Amber Yolu olarak bilinen bu yol, amber Roma Yollar\u0131:<\/strong> Romal\u0131lar, yollar\u0131 ile \u00fcn yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Muvaffakiyetleri \u00fc\u00e7 sebebe dayanmaktad\u0131r. Orta\u00e7a\u011f yollar\u0131:<\/strong> Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011funun \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ile yollar\u0131 da bak\u0131ms\u0131z duruma gelmi\u015ftir. Orta\u00e7a\u011fda Makina \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 yollar\u0131:<\/strong> 1830-1840 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda demiryollar\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla karayollar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemi Modern Karayolu:\u00a0<\/strong>Birinci D\u00fcny\u00e2 Sava\u015f\u0131ndan sonra b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkeler yol yap\u0131m\u0131na \u00f6nem verdi. Motorlu ara\u00e7lar\u0131n geli\u015fmesiyle d\u00fcz yollar\u0131n in\u015f\u00e2as\u0131na ekonomik bir l\u00fczum has\u0131l oldu. Yeni yollar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda karayollar\u0131demiryollar\u0131na tercih edildi. \u0130kinci D\u00fcny\u00e2 Sava\u015f\u0131nda asker\u00ee ihtiya\u00e7lar karayolu yap\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 zorlad\u0131. Karada bulunan yerle\u015fim merkezleri\u00a0aras\u0131nda ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131 sa\u011flayan ba\u011flant\u0131lara yol denir.\u00a0T\u00e2rihin ilk zamanlar\u0131ndan beri izlerin kullan\u0131lmalar\u0131 sonucunda yollar ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak yakla\u015f\u0131k son 100 y\u0131ld\u0131r, k\u0131ymeti artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1830 y\u0131llar\u0131nda, karayollar\u0131, demiryollar\u0131 hesab\u0131na…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[1193,164,988],"class_list":["post-3094","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-gezi","tag-otoban","tag-otoyol","tag-yol"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3094"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3094"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3094\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7208,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3094\/revisions\/7208"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3094"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3094"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3094"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\n\u00fczerinden Basra K\u00f6rfezine ba\u011flayan Kraliyet Yolu olarak bilinmektedir. Bu isim Perslerin
\nmezopotamya\u2019y\u0131 i\u015fgal etmesinden sonra M.\u00d6. 6. as\u0131rda verilmi\u015ftir. Ne zaman ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131
\nbilinmemektedir. Yaln\u0131z, M.\u00d6. 323\u2019te \u0130zmir ve Efes\u2019i Gordium ve Ninova (\u015fimdiki Musul) \u00fczerinden
\nBasra K\u00f6rfezini Susa\u2019ya ba\u011flayan \u00f6nemli bir yolun mevcut oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir. Bu yol, Babilliler,
\nAsurlular, Eski M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar, Hititliler, Fenikeliler, Lidyal\u0131lar, Frigyal\u0131lar, Persler, Eski Yunanl\u0131lar ve
\nRomal\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\ntaraf\u0131ndan in\u015f\u00e2 edilen bir yoldan s\u00f6z etmektedir. Blok ta\u015flar\u0131ndan in\u015fa edilen bu yol boyunca heykeller
\nve m\u00e2betlerin bulundu\u011fu riv\u00e2yet edilmektedir. M.\u00d6. 63-M.S. 24 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tahmin edilen
\neski Yunanl\u0131 co\u011frafyac\u0131 Strabo, Babil\u2019den Ninova\u2019ya giden, aralar\u0131na asfalt bir har\u00e7 konulan tu\u011flalarla
\nkapl\u0131 bir yoldan bahsetmektedir.<\/p>\n
\nnaklinde kullan\u0131lmaktayd\u0131 ve Balt\u0131k Denizinden ba\u015flay\u0131p, Danimarka, Almanya ve Alpler \u00fczerinden
\n\u0130talya\u2019ya ula\u015fmaktayd\u0131. Ger\u00e7ekte, \u0130spanya\u2019dan ba\u015flay\u0131p Cenova \u00fczerinden Tahran\u2019a yak\u0131n ge\u00e7en bir
\nyolla Himalaya Da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinden \u00c7in\u2019deki \u015eangkay\u2019a ula\u015fmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fc. 13.000 kilometreyi
\nbulan bu yol, uzun yollar beyaz \u0131rkla sar\u0131 \u0131rk\u0131n mal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr de\u011fi\u015ftirmesine sebeb olmu\u015ftur. \u0130pek,
\nbaharat, m\u00fccevherat, do\u011fudan alt\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sat\u0131n al\u0131n\u0131p Avrupa\u2019ya getirilmekteydi. \u00c7in ile Akdeniz
\naras\u0131ndaki k\u0131s\u0131m, \u0130pek Yolu olarak da bilinmekteydi. \u00c7in\u2019de ise Kraliyet Yolu ismini alan bu yolda
\nemniyetin sa\u011flanmas\u0131na dikkat edilirdi. \u00c7in\u2019de yol in\u015faat\u0131 M.\u00d6. 2000 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar iner. M.\u00d6. 1750\u2019de
\n3000 kilometreyi a\u015fan karayolu mevcuttu. Bu yollar\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 iptid\u00e2\u00ee idi ve y\u00fck, insan veya
\nhayvan s\u0131rt\u0131nda ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131. G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019daki \u0130nka\u2019lar da yol in\u015faas\u0131nda ileri olan bir topluluktu. G\u00fcney
\nAmerika\u2019n\u0131n her iki k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda uzanan yollar\u0131 mevcuttu. Ayr\u0131ca \u00f6nemli \u015fehirlerini ba\u011flayan yollar da in\u015f\u00e2
\netmi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n
\nBirincisi, id\u00e2reyi elde tutmak i\u00e7in haberle\u015fmenin \u00f6nemini anlam\u0131\u015flar ve bu sebepten yol yap\u0131m\u0131na
\nkaynak ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. \u0130kincisi, kendilerinden \u00f6nceki yol yap\u0131m tekniklerini incelemi\u015f ve onlardan istif\u00e2de
\netmi\u015flerdir. Yol kaplama maddesinin \u00f6nemini anlam\u0131\u015f ve yol g\u00fczerg\u00e2h\u0131 tesbitinde kullan\u0131lan \u00e2letler
\ngeli\u015ftirmi\u015flerdir. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc sebep, ellerinde harpten kalma \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilecek binlerce esirin bulunmas\u0131yd\u0131.
\nAyr\u0131ca, harp olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman askerlerini yol in\u015f\u00e2at\u0131nda i\u015f\u00e7ileri denetleyici olarak kullanmaktayd\u0131lar.
\nHi\u00e7bir modern zamanda bu kadar \u00e7ok insan yol in\u015f\u00e2at\u0131 ile me\u015fgul olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. En \u00f6nemli Roma yolu,
\nAlp Yolu olup, d\u00f6rt tabakal\u0131 dolgu \u015feklinde in\u015f\u00e2 edilmi\u015ftir. B\u00fcy\u00fck Roma Yollar\u0131 M.\u00d6. 4. as\u0131r ile M.S.
\n400 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda in\u015f\u00e2 edilmi\u015f olup, 80.000 km civ\u00e2r\u0131ndayd\u0131. Bu yollar, \u0130talya, Fransa, \u0130spanya,
\n\u0130ngiltere, Anadolu ve Kuzey Afrika\u2019ya uzanmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n
\nAvrupa, bu y\u00f6nden de karanl\u0131k bir d\u00f6neme girmi\u015f ve yollarda hi\u00e7 bir bak\u0131mdan emniyet kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nTekerlekli vas\u0131talar kaybolmu\u015ftur. Ancak 16. y\u00fcz y\u0131lda n\u00fcfus artmas\u0131 ile yollar canlanma\u011fa y\u00fcz
\ntutmu\u015ftur. Tic\u00e2retin artmas\u0131yla paral\u0131 yollar geli\u015fmi\u015ftir. On alt\u0131 ve on sekizinci y\u00fczy\u0131lda kabul edilen yol
\nk\u00e2nunlar\u0131yla her vatanda\u015f\u0131n yol in\u015f\u00e2s\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma mecburiyeti getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
\nazalmaya y\u00fcz tutmu\u015ftu. Sebebi, demiryollar\u0131n\u0131n uzun mes\u00e2felere insan ve y\u00fck naklinde ideal v\u00e2s\u0131ta
\nolarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmesiydi. Ancak 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonuna do\u011fru n\u00fcf\u00fbsun artmas\u0131yla ekonomik \u015fartlar, yerel
\nyollar\u0131n geli\u015fmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Yava\u015f yava\u015f motorlu v\u00e2s\u0131talar g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu t\u00fcr v\u00e2s\u0131talar\u0131n
\nartmas\u0131 yollar\u0131n geli\u015fimini zorlad\u0131. Otomobilde ve yol yap\u0131m v\u00e2s\u0131talar\u0131ndaki geli\u015fmelerin sonucu
\n1920\u2019den \u00eetib\u00e2ren yol yap\u0131m\u0131 t\u00e2rihte g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir h\u0131zla artmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n
\nYollar\u0131n yap\u0131m masraflar\u0131, devletlerin b\u00fct\u00e7elerinden ayr\u0131lan paralar\u0131n yan\u0131nda, vas\u0131talardan al\u0131nan ve
\nyak\u0131ta konan vergilerle kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"