K\u00e2\u011f\u0131d\u0131n bulunu\u015fu<\/a>ndan evvel yaz\u0131lar m\u00e2den, ta\u015f, tahta, kil tabletler \u00fczerine kaz\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131. S\u00fcmer,\u00a0Asur ve Hititler k\u00fcl tabletler \u00fczerine yazard\u0131. \u00c7inliler ipek kuma\u015f kullan\u0131rlard\u0131. Nil k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda ise yaprak\u00a0h\u00e2line getirilmi\u015f papirus lifleri kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Papir\u00fcs hafif, esnek fakat dayan\u0131kl\u0131 bir maddeydi. Ele ge\u00e7irilen
\nilk kitaplar M.\u00d6. 2700 y\u0131llar\u0131na \u00e2ittir. Bunlar eski M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar\u0131n du\u00e2, adak, vak\u0131f gibi konular\u0131 i\u00e7ine alan\u00a0\u00d6l\u00fcler Kitab\u0131 isimli d\u00een\u00ee eserleridir. Kitaplar a\u011fa\u00e7 bir silindire sar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f a\u011f\u0131r tomarlar bi\u00e7imindeydi. Yaz\u0131\u00a0papir\u00fcs\u00fcn yaln\u0131z bir y\u00fcz\u00fcne f\u0131r\u00e7a ile yaz\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. M.\u00d6. 7. y\u00fczy\u0131lda papir\u00fcs M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan, Yunanistan\u2019a, oradan
\nda Romal\u0131lara ge\u00e7ti. M.\u00d6. 2. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Romal\u0131lar 15 m uzunlu\u011funda 15-30 cm geni\u015fli\u011finde papir\u00fcs\u00a0tomarlar\u0131 kullanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Roma\u2019da b\u00e2z\u0131s\u0131 halka a\u00e7\u0131k kitapl\u0131klar, ender kitap kolleksiyoncular\u0131\u00a0vard\u0131. Kitap\u00e7\u0131lar ithal ve ihra\u00e7 ettikleri eserlerle geni\u015f tic\u00e2ret yaparlard\u0131.<\/p>\nZamanla papir\u00fcs \u00fcretiminin azalmas\u0131 ve pahalanmas\u0131, papir\u00fcs\u00fcn nemden bozulmas\u0131, tek y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00a0kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 ve yan\u0131c\u0131 bir madde olmas\u0131, ayr\u0131ca um\u00fbmiyetle M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da \u00fcretilen papir\u00fcs\u00fcn yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131na\u00a0\u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n yasaklanmas\u0131 \u00fczerine yaz\u0131 yaz\u0131labilecek yeni bir maddenin aranmas\u0131na sebeb oldu.<\/p>\n
B\u00e2z\u0131 Asya milletleri \u00e7ok eski \u00e7a\u011flardan beri sepilenmi\u015f deriyi yaz\u0131 malzemesi olarak kullan\u0131rlard\u0131.\u00a0Bergama (Pergamum), koyun derisi haz\u0131rlama i\u015finde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00fcn salm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bat\u0131 dillerinde par\u015f\u00f6men\u00a0denilen tir\u015fe b\u00f6ylece ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. M\u00eel\u00e2d\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanan bu
\nmalzeme, kitab\u0131n d\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. Katlanabilen par\u015f\u00f6men yapraklar\u0131; dikilen, bir araya\u00a0getirilen, bir ciltle korunabilen defter \u015fekline sokulabiliyordu. Kitap arkal\u0131-\u00f6nl\u00fc yaz\u0131labilen bir dikd\u00f6rtgen\u00a0\u015fekline (kodeks) girdi (bug\u00fcnk\u00fc \u015feklini ald\u0131). Par\u015f\u00f6mene yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kitaplar daha dayan\u0131kl\u0131, daha\u00a0kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131yd\u0131. Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011funun en eski devirlerine \u00e2it \u0130stanbul\u2019dan ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lan par\u015f\u00f6men yaz\u0131l\u0131\u00a0b\u00e2z\u0131 yazma eserlerden \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc Vatikan\u2019da, biri de Paris Mill\u00ee K\u00fct\u00fcph\u00e2nesinde saklanmaktad\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n\u00a0b\u00e2z\u0131s\u0131 minyat\u00fcrl\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
B\u00fcy\u00fck il\u00e2h\u00ee dinlerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 ilmin ve kitab\u0131n geli\u015fiminde birinci merhaledir. D\u00een\u00ee bir e\u011fitim ve\u00a0\u00f6\u011fretim kurma ihtiy\u00e2c\u0131, \u00f6\u011fretim kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131s\u0131ra o zaman\u0131n \u015fartlar\u0131na g\u00f6re bir kitap san\u00e2yiinin\u00a0kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Kitab\u0131n geli\u015fiminde ikinci \u00f6nemli merhale k\u00e2\u011f\u0131d\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla olmu\u015ftur. K\u00e2\u011f\u0131t y\u00fczy\u0131llardan beri\u00a0\u00c7in ve T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da kullan\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. K\u00e2\u011f\u0131d\u0131n ilk def\u00e2 105 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00c7in\u2019de kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tahmin\u00a0edilmektedir. Ancak insanlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc k\u00e2\u011f\u0131d\u0131 tan\u0131m\u0131yordu. \u0130pekten elde edilen k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t da \u00e7ok\u00a0pahal\u0131yd\u0131. K\u00e2\u011f\u0131d\u0131n pa\u00e7avradan elde edilmeye ba\u015flanmas\u0131 ve Avrupa\u2019da tan\u0131nmas\u0131 kitaplarda\u00a0par\u015f\u00f6men yerine k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. Bu da m\u00e2liyeti d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc ve kitap s\u00e2hibi olmak nisbeten\u00a0kolayla\u015ft\u0131. Ancak, az zamanda \u00e7ok ve \u00e7abuk kitap elde etmek hen\u00fcz m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildi. Kitaplar kopya\u00a0edilerek \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131l\u0131yordu. Bu i\u015fi yapan bir yaz\u0131c\u0131lar (k\u00e2tipler s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 vard\u0131. O zamanlar harfler, yaz\u0131lmaktan\u00a0ziy\u00e2de resmedilirdi. H\u00fcsn-i hat (kaligrafi) denilen g\u00fczel yaz\u0131 (hattatl\u0131k) i\u015fi s\u0131k\u0131 kurallar\u0131 olan bir sanatt\u0131.\u00a0Kitaplar\u0131 s\u00fcslemek (tezyin) ise ayr\u0131 bir sanatt\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u00d6\u011fretimin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 neticesinde, ad\u0131na tahta kal\u0131p bask\u0131 da denen ksilografi yolu denendi. Bu\u00a0bask\u0131 tekni\u011finde; bas\u0131lmas\u0131 istenen \u015fey tahta levhalar \u00fczerine kabartma olarak kaz\u0131n\u0131p \u00fczerine\u00a0m\u00fcrekkep s\u00fcr\u00fclerek bas\u0131l\u0131yordu. \u00c7in\u2019de 8. y\u00fczy\u0131lda kullan\u0131lan bu us\u00fbl, M\u0131s\u0131r ve Suriye\u2019de \u00f6nceleri\u00a0kuma\u015f \u00fczerine motif basmak i\u00e7in sonralar\u0131 ise k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t kullan\u0131m\u0131 yayg\u0131nla\u015f\u0131nca kitaplardaki resimlerin ve\u00a0daha sonra yaz\u0131yla ber\u00e2ber resmin \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131lmas\u0131nda kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Bu metinler tahta \u00fczerine ters olarak\u00a0kaz\u0131n\u0131yordu. On be\u015finci y\u00fczy\u0131lda birka\u00e7 yapraktan olu\u015fan ve ancak bir y\u00fcz\u00fcne bask\u0131 yap\u0131labilen\u00a0kitap\u00e7\u0131klar bas\u0131ld\u0131. Ksilografik metodun yetersizli\u011fi ve geni\u015f yaz\u0131lara imk\u00e2n vermemesi tipografinin\u00a0geli\u015fmesine sebeb oldu. Tipografide harfler s\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcp tak\u0131lmakta ve birka\u00e7 def\u00e2 kullan\u0131lmakta idi. Bu\u00a0metodla bat\u0131da ilk kitap 1450\u2019de Almanya\u2019da bas\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130talya\u2019da 1465, Fransa\u2019da 1477\u2019de ilk kitap\u00a0bas\u0131ld\u0131. On be\u015finci y\u00fczy\u0131lda 35.000 kitap bas\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tahmin edilmektedir. 1501 y\u0131l\u0131ndan \u00f6nce bas\u0131lan\u00a0eserler el yazmalar\u0131na \u00e7ok benzer.<\/p>\n
Kitab\u0131n geli\u015fiminde \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ve en \u00f6nemli merhale matbaan\u0131n ke\u015ffiyle oldu. Bu ke\u015fifle ber\u00e2ber kitab\u0131n\u00a0g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar ula\u015fan geli\u015fmesi ba\u015flad\u0131. Matbaa ile kitap elde etmede en b\u00fcy\u00fck engel olan \u201cyazma\u201d\u00a0problemi halledildi. K\u0131sa zamanda, \u00e7ok say\u0131da kitap elde etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu. Bask\u0131 ve k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t\u00a0san\u00e2yiindeki geli\u015fmelere paralel olarak m\u00e2liyeti d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc, kitap s\u00e2hibi olmak \u00e7ok kolayla\u015ft\u0131. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde her g\u00fcn milyonlarca kitap bas\u0131lmakta, d\u00fcny\u00e2n\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir taraf\u0131na\u00a0da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn kitap girmeyen bir yer kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kitap art\u0131k yayg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015f, herkesin mal\u0131\u00a0olmu\u015ftur. Kitap\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k zaman\u0131m\u0131zda bir end\u00fcstridir. Bu end\u00fcstri, dev yay\u0131n \u015firketleri, geli\u015fmi\u015f k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t\u00a0san\u00e2yii, en ileri bask\u0131 teknikleriyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan matbaalar, en modern us\u00fbllerle faaliyet g\u00f6steren da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m ve\u00a0pazarlama \u015firketleriyle b\u00fcy\u00fck boyutlara ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bununla ber\u00e2ber zararl\u0131 kitaplardan, yay\u0131nlardan,\u00a0insanlar\u0131 korumak, hen\u00fcz halledilmemi\u015f bir problem olarak b\u00fct\u00fcn vehametiyle, ortada durmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Avrupa\u2019da ve Amerika\u2019da, bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede \u015fubeleri olan genel da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m ve yay\u0131m evleri kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u0130nsanlar\u0131n bildiklerini, \u00f6\u011frendiklerini kitaplara yazmas\u0131 \u00e7ok \u00f6ncelere dayan\u0131r. Bas\u0131l\u0131 veya yaz\u0131l\u0131 ka\u011f\u0131t yapraklar\u0131n\u0131n bir araya getirilmesiyle ve insanlar\u0131n hislerini, fikirlerini, ba\u015fkalar\u0131na, uzaktakilere bildirmek, kendilerinden sonra gelenlere\u00a0ula\u015ft\u0131rabilmek i\u00e7in k\u00e2\u011f\u0131tlara yazmak s\u00fbretiyle…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10167,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[2134,2135],"class_list":["post-3165","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-egitim","tag-kitap","tag-kitaplar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3165"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3165"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3165\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10171,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3165\/revisions\/10171"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/10167"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3165"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3165"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3165"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}