{"id":3186,"date":"2011-08-13T05:38:48","date_gmt":"2011-08-13T03:38:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=3186"},"modified":"2018-10-08T12:05:18","modified_gmt":"2018-10-08T10:05:18","slug":"komunizmi-kim-buldu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=3186","title":{"rendered":"Kom\u00fcnizmin yarat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 kimdir?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Kom\u00fcnizm<\/strong> \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n toplum mal\u0131\u00a0olmas\u0131n\u0131, t\u00fcketim mallar\u0131n\u0131n ihtiyaca g\u00f6re payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 isteyen, toplumu tek bir s\u0131n\u0131f olarak de\u011ferleniren\u00a0bir rejim \u015feklidir. L\u00e2tincedeki \u201ccommunis\u201d kelimesinden\u00a0gelmektedir. Herkesin faydalanma hakk\u0131na s\u00e2hip bulundu\u011fu ortak varl\u0131klar\u0131 if\u00e2de eder. Kom\u00fcnizmin\u00a0temelinde, materyalist (maddeci) d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce sistemi ve m\u00fclkiyete kar\u015f\u0131 olma yatar.<\/p>\n

Kom\u00fcnizmi kim buldu<\/h2>\n

Kom\u00fcnizm bir ilim, bir fikir de\u011fildir. Baz\u0131 yerlerde uygulamada diktat\u00f6r bir devlet \u015feklinde d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu\u00a0rejimde yaln\u0131z kom\u00fcnist partisi vard\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn millet bu parti program\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmeye, bunun gibi\u00a0d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye, bu partinin istedi\u011fi gibi konu\u015fmaya mecburdur.<\/p>\n

Kom\u00fcnizmin kurucusu<\/strong> ve Kom\u00fcnistli\u011fi ilk \u00e7\u0131karan Mejdek<\/strong> ad\u0131nda bir \u0130ranl\u0131d\u0131r. Peygamber oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyen bu kimse Mecusi\u00a0(ate\u015fe tapan) idi. Herkesin mal\u0131 ortakt\u0131r derdi. \u0130ran \u015eah\u0131 Kub\u00e2d, buna inand\u0131 ise de o\u011flu\u00a0N\u00fb\u015firev\u00e2n, Mejdek’i seksen bin adam\u0131 ile birlikte yok etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Karl Marx ve\u00a0Friedrich Engels<\/h3>\n

1848 senesinde Karl Marx<\/strong>, arkada\u015f\u0131 Engels<\/strong>\u2019le birlikte\u00a0Kom\u00fcnist Beyannamesi\u2019ni yay\u0131nlad\u0131. Bu beyannamede, b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcny\u00e2 i\u015f\u00e7ileri birle\u015fmeye \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131l\u0131yor ve\u00a0birle\u015fen i\u015f\u00e7ilerden, kapitalist ekonomik d\u00fczene, devrim yoluyla son verilmesi isteniyordu. Bu amac\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in 1863\u2019te ilk \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Enternasyoneli kurulmu\u015f, bir\u00e7ok m\u00fcc\u00e2deleler vermi\u015fse de 1876 senesinde\u00a0ortadan kalkm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1880\u2019de Avrupa\u2019daki sosyalist partiler birle\u015ferek \u0130kinci Enternasyoneli kurmu\u015flard\u0131r.\u00a0Avrupa sosyalist partileri aras\u0131ndaki bu birlik h\u00e2len devam etmektedir. Karl Marx\u2019\u0131n fikirleri, sosyalist\u00a0hareketin ana prensiplerini te\u015fkil etmi\u015ftir. (Bkz. Marksizm<\/a>)<\/p>\n

Kapitalist iktis\u00e2d\u00ee d\u00fczeni ortadan kald\u0131racak olan sosyal devrim, Marx\u2019\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin aksine olarak, ileri\u00a0derecede san\u00e2yile\u015fmi\u015f Bat\u0131 Avrupa memleketlerinde de\u011fil, ekonomisi geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde tar\u0131ma dayanan\u00a0Rusya\u2019da kabul g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f ve uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Rusya\u2019da 1898\u2019de kurulan Rus Sosyal Demokrat \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Partisi, 1903\u2019te \u00e7o\u011funluk anlam\u0131na gelen\u00a0\u201cbol\u015fevik\u201d ve az\u0131nl\u0131k anlam\u0131na gelen \u201cmen\u015fevik\u201d olarak ikiye ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7arl\u0131k id\u00e2resine kar\u015f\u0131 patlak\u00a0veren 1917 \u015eubat \u0130htil\u00e2lini, sosyalist, liberal ve halk\u00e7\u0131 partiler m\u00fc\u015ftereken yapm\u0131\u015flarsa da, ayn\u0131\u00a0senenin Ekim ay\u0131nda Lenin\u2019in liderli\u011findeki bol\u015fevikler, silahl\u0131 bir ayaklanma yaparak iktid\u00e2r\u0131 tek\u00a0ba\u015flar\u0131na ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

Rusya\u2019da Lenin ve arkada\u015flar\u0131, kom\u00fcnist hayata hemen ge\u00e7ilemeyece\u011fini s\u00f6yleyerek iktisad\u00ee y\u00f6nden \u201ckollektivisit\u201d olan ve siyas\u00ee \u015fekil olarak \u201ci\u015f\u00e7i
\ndiktatoryas\u0131na\u201d dayanan bir ge\u00e7ici rejim kurduklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemi\u015flerdir. Bu rejime ge\u00e7i\u015f olduk\u00e7a kanl\u0131 olmu\u015f sonucunda\u00a015 milyon insan\u0131 \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u015eiddet, 1924\u2019te\u00a0Stalin\u2019in Sovyet Rusya\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7mesinden sonra daha da artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Merkezi Moskova\u2019da\u00a0olmak \u00fczere \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Enternasyonel kurulmu\u015fsa da \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n patlak vermesi ile Rusya, bat\u0131\u00a0devletlerinden yard\u0131m istemek mecburiyetinde kalm\u0131\u015f, bu sebeple de 1943\u2019te Stalin \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc\u00a0Enternasyoneli ortadan kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1947\u2019de Rusya\u2019da \u201cKominform\u201d kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Kominform, b\u00fct\u00fcn kom\u00fcnistleri di\u011fer rejimlere kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fmaya \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Lenin\u2019in vasiyetn\u00e2mesi\u00a0hat\u0131rlat\u0131larak, ger\u00e7ek hedefin b\u00fct\u00fcn insanlar\u0131 kom\u00fcnizm rejiminin b\u00fcnyesinde toplamak oldu\u011fu, do\u011fuya\u00a0ve bat\u0131ya kom\u00fcnist ihtil\u00e2lini yaymaya \u00f6nem verdi\u011fi bildirilmi\u015ftir. Rusya d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki memleketlerde, \u201chalk\u00a0demokrasisi\u201d slogan\u0131 ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130htil\u00e2lci sosyalizm, ihtil\u00e2llerle kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar \u00e7\u0131kartarak, umum\u00ee grevler yaparak, gerilla muh\u00e2rebeleriyle,\u00a0\u00fclkelerin yabanc\u0131 kom\u00fcnist kuvvetler taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilmesiyle veya bask\u0131n \u015feklinde h\u00fck\u00fcmet\u00a0darbeleriyle, iktid\u00e2ra h\u00e2kim olmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakta ve iktid\u00e2r\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irince, totaliter rejim kurmaktad\u0131r.
\nDi\u011fer sosyal, iktisad\u00ee ve fikr\u00ee gruplar\u0131 tasfiye etmekte ve parlamenter rejimi y\u0131karak tek parti\u00a0diktatoryas\u0131n\u0131 kurmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130htil\u00e2lci sosyalistler (kom\u00fcnistler), tek parti diktatoryas\u0131 kurduktan sonra her t\u00fcrl\u00fc m\u00fclkiyeti iktis\u00e2d\u00ee\u00a0 y\u00f6nden devletle\u015ftirme yoluna gitmekte; bu devletle\u015ftirmeyi, politik (siyas\u00ee), k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve e\u011fitim alanlar\u0131na\u00a0da yaymaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sosyalist ak\u0131mlar, san\u00e2yile\u015fmenin geli\u015fmesi ile ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ekonomik olarak geri kalm\u0131\u015f Rusya ve \u00c7in gibi\u00a0\u00fclkelerde devrimci ve totaliter bir karakter kazanarak kom\u00fcnizm \u015feklinde iktid\u00e2rlar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, sa\u011flam demokratik kurumlardan yoksun bulunan Almanya, \u0130talya ve b\u00e2z\u0131 G\u00fcney\u00a0Amerika devletlerinde, \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131ndan \u00f6nce sosyalist ak\u0131mlar, fa\u015fizm ve nasyonal\u00a0sosyalizm gibi totaliter bir karakter kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fa\u015fizm ve nasyonal sosyalizm \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131
\n\u00fczerinde, ki\u015fisel m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 tan\u0131maktad\u0131r. \u0130htil\u00e2lci sosyalizmin temel fikirlerini ortaya koyan Karl Marx kurulacak sosyalist toplumun b\u00fcnyesinin ne\u00a0\u015fekilde olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlatmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kom\u00fcnizm i\u00e7in 1990 y\u0131l\u0131 bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Kom\u00fcnizm ve sosyalizmden ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a0Kom\u00fcnizmi benimseyen Do\u011fu Avrupa \u00fclkelerinden sadece Bulgaristan ve Romanya ile Arnavutluk\u2019ta\u00a0fakat ba\u015fka isimler alt\u0131nda se\u00e7imle ve az farkla iktidar olabilmi\u015flerdir. Di\u011ferlerinde ise Kom\u00fcnizme\u00a0kar\u015f\u0131 olanlar serbest se\u00e7imle iktid\u00e2r\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015flerdir. Kom\u00fcnizmin son kalesi Yugoslavya\u2019da ise\u00a0s\u00e2dece S\u0131rbistan\u2019da kom\u00fcnistler iktidardad\u0131r. Fransa ve \u0130talya kom\u00fcnist partileri bile isim\u00a0de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015flerdir. En koyu kom\u00fcnist d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrler bile \u201cS\u0131n\u0131f iktidar\u0131, art\u0131k gerici bir taleptir. Kom\u00fcnizm\u00a0\u00f6ld\u00fc ve emperyalizm bitti\u201d demi\u015flerdir. Bug\u00fcn d\u00fcny\u00e2da kom\u00fcnist rejim olarak s\u00e2dece Viyetnam, K\u00fcba\u00a0ve \u00c7in kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (1993)<\/p>\n

Kom\u00fcnist \u201cManifesto\u201ddaki gelece\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fck g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re: Liberal ekonominin uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fclkelerde\u00a0i\u015f\u00e7ilerin sef\u00e2leti her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn biraz daha artacak serm\u00e2ye s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ellerde toplanacak ve a\u00e7l\u0131\u011fa\u00a0mahkum edilen proleterler, tabandan gelen bir ihtilalle kendi y\u00f6netimlerini kurup, \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131na el
\nkoyacaklard\u0131. Bu suretle de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan-\u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran (i\u015f\u00e7i-i\u015fveren) ikili\u011fi ortadan kalkacak, geni\u015f kitleler\u00a0(\u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar) huzur ve refaha ve ger\u00e7ek demokrasiye ge\u00e7mi\u015f olacaklard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Kom\u00fcnizm ile \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7ilerin de\u011fil, kom\u00fcnist lider ve yanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n imtiyazl\u0131 ve iltimasl\u0131 bir \u201cyeni\u00a0s\u0131n\u0131f\u201d\u0131n eline ge\u00e7ti. Bu yeni s\u0131n\u0131f b\u00fcrokratlar tarihin en korkun\u00e7 diktat\u00f6rl\u00fcklerini kurdular ve i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131\u00a0ad\u0131na katliam ve zul\u00fcmler yapt\u0131lar. Baz\u0131 yerlerde Kom\u00fcnizmin k\u0131z\u0131l pen\u00e7esi alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fenler yaln\u0131z ekonomik refah\u00a0de\u011fil her t\u00fcrl\u00fc insan haklar\u0131n\u0131 da kaybettiler. Serbest piyasa ekonomisini uygulayan \u00fclkelerin i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin\u00a0refah\u0131 artarken kom\u00fcnizmi uygulayan \u00fclkeler fakirle\u015ftiler.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kom\u00fcnizm \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n toplum mal\u0131\u00a0olmas\u0131n\u0131, t\u00fcketim mallar\u0131n\u0131n ihtiyaca g\u00f6re payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 isteyen, toplumu tek bir s\u0131n\u0131f olarak de\u011ferleniren\u00a0bir rejim \u015feklidir. L\u00e2tincedeki \u201ccommunis\u201d kelimesinden\u00a0gelmektedir. Herkesin faydalanma hakk\u0131na s\u00e2hip bulundu\u011fu ortak varl\u0131klar\u0131 if\u00e2de…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8921,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[2047,3088],"class_list":["post-3186","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-toplum","tag-komunist","tag-komunizm"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3186"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3186"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3186\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12375,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3186\/revisions\/12375"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/8921"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3186"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3186"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3186"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}