K\u00f6pr\u00fc nehir ve v\u00e2di gibi ge\u00e7ilmesi g\u00fc\u00e7 bir engelin iki k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131n\u0131\u00a0ba\u011flayan bir yap\u0131d\u0131r.\u00a0Genellikle ormanl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde ilk k\u00f6pr\u00fcler bir veya daha fazla ah\u015fap k\u00fct\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn uzat\u0131lmas\u0131yla\u00a0meydana getirilmi\u015ftir. Tropikal b\u00f6lgelerde ise lifli bitkiler bir araya getirilerek asma k\u00f6pr\u00fcler in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir. Genellikle lifli asma a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 bu maksatla d\u00fcny\u00e2n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlerinde kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a0Ta\u015fl\u0131\u00a0b\u00f6lgelerde ise, ara ara ta\u015flar y\u0131\u011f\u0131larak k\u00f6pr\u00fc ayaklar\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha sonra bu ayaklar birle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
\u0130lk k\u00f6pr\u00fclerin \u00c7in\u2019de yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, oradan Hindistan\u2019a yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tahmin edilmektedir. Arada ayaklar yaparak
\nbirden fazla a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131kl\u0131 k\u00f6pr\u00fcler in\u015f\u00e2 edilmi\u015ftir. M.\u00d6. 4000\u2019de Mezopotamya\u2019da ve M.\u00d6. 3000 y\u0131llar\u0131nda
\nM\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da ilk kemere benzer k\u00f6pr\u00fclere rastlanmaktad\u0131r. Kemer k\u00f6pr\u00fc sisteminde y\u00fckler kemerler
\ntaraf\u0131ndan al\u0131n\u0131r ve y\u00f6n\u00fc de\u011fi\u015ftirilerek bas\u0131n\u00e7 kuvveti olarak kemer boyunca nakledilir ve k\u00f6pr\u00fc
\nayaklar\u0131nda zemine verilir. O zamandan beri kemer k\u00f6pr\u00fc \u015fekli klasik k\u00f6pr\u00fc tipi olarak kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kemer\u00a0tipi eski M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan bilinmekteyse de yap\u0131 sistemi olarak kullan\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kemer sistemi,
\nanahtar ta\u015f\u0131 olmaks\u0131z\u0131n kendi kendini ta\u015f\u0131yan bir yap\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fc de\u011fildir. Eski Yunanl\u0131lar kemer \u015feklini
\nbilmelerine ra\u011fmen bunu yap\u0131larda kullanmam\u0131\u015flar m\u00eem\u00e2r\u00eede ilerlemelerine ra\u011fmen ancak birka\u00e7
\nk\u00f6pr\u00fc in\u015f\u00e2 etmi\u015flerdir. Sebebi ise tic\u00e2rette daha \u00e7ok deniz yolunu kullanmalar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ger\u00e7ek ta\u015f \u00f6rme\u00a0k\u00f6pr\u00fc, ekonomik ve dayan\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131r. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck nehirleri orta ayaklar kullanarak ge\u00e7mek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bu t\u00fcr\u00a0\u015fekil, yayg\u0131n olarak \u00c7inliler ve Romal\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Romal\u0131lar\u0131n yapt\u0131klar\u0131 k\u00f6pr\u00fclerin ilki\u00a0ah\u015fap olup, M.\u00d6. 621 t\u00e2rihlerine kadar uzan\u0131r. M.\u00d6. 200 civ\u00e2r\u0131nda ta\u015f k\u00f6pr\u00fclerin in\u015f\u00e2s\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131ysa da,\u00a0ah\u015fap olanlara da dev\u00e2m edilmi\u015ftir. Ta\u015f olanlardan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar gelenler de mevcuttur. Genellikle\u00a0yar\u0131 d\u00e2irev\u00ee kemerler kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Say\u0131lar\u0131 yedi-sekize varan ta\u015f bloklar\u0131n kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.\u00a0Ta\u015flar birbirlerine har\u00e7s\u0131z oturtulmu\u015f olup, ayaklar \u00e7ok rijit olarak yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu sebepten herhangi bir\u00a0a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6kmesinin kom\u015fu a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131klara zarar\u0131 olmaz. \u00d6zellikle nehir ortas\u0131nda yap\u0131lan k\u00f6pr\u00fc ayaklar\u0131na\u00a0\u00eetin\u00e2 g\u00f6stermi\u015flerdir. Orta ayaklar\u0131n in\u015f\u00e2s\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda biti\u015fik kaz\u0131klar \u00e7akarak, su ve zemini, sa\u011flam\u00a0zemin buluncaya kadar bo\u015faltm\u0131\u015flar, aya\u011f\u0131 daha sonra in\u015f\u00e2 etmi\u015flerdir. Romal\u0131lar ayr\u0131ca v\u00e2dileri\u00a0a\u015fmak i\u00e7in in\u015f\u00e2 ettikleri k\u00f6pr\u00fcleriyle de me\u015fhurlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011funun \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ile k\u00f6pr\u00fc in\u015f\u00e2\u00e2t\u0131nda bir duraklama g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Ancak 13. as\u0131rda ta\u015f kemer
\nk\u00f6pr\u00fc in\u015f\u00e2s\u0131 Avrupa yan\u0131nda Orta Do\u011fu\u2019da ve \u00c7in\u2019de yayg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kemerler, Romal\u0131lara nisbetle
\ndaha bas\u0131k in\u015f\u00e2 edilmi\u015ftir. Ancak in\u015f\u00e2 tarz\u0131 daha az \u00eetin\u00e2l\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. R\u00f6nesans ile k\u00f6pr\u00fc
\nm\u00fchendisli\u011finde s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir geli\u015fme kaydedilmi\u015f fakat daha \u00e7ok s\u00fcsleme taraf\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r basm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak
\nteorik bir geli\u015fme Andrea Palladio taraf\u0131ndan Leonardo da Vinci\u2019nin gerilme prensibini pratik h\u00e2le
\ngetirmesiyle elde edilmi\u015ftir. Bu teknik, k\u0131sa ah\u015fap elemanlar\u0131n kafes sistem meydana getirecek \u015fekilde
\nkullan\u0131larak b\u00fcy\u00fck a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131n ge\u00e7ilmesini m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
1747\u2019de Fransa\u2019da \u201cEcole des Ponts et Chauss\u00e9es\u201d ilk m\u00fchendislik okulu olarak kurulmu\u015ftur. Bu
\nokulda teorik bilgiler, tecr\u00fcbe ile elde edilenlerle ber\u00e2ber verilmi\u015ftir. 1750\u2019de ilk ah\u015fap kafes sistem
\nk\u00f6pr\u00fc \u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019de ve ilk demir k\u00f6pr\u00fc de 1779\u2019da \u0130ngiltere\u2019de in\u015f\u00e2 edilmi\u015ftir. On dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131lda ise
\nk\u00f6pr\u00fc in\u015f\u00e2s\u0131nda \u00f6nemli ilerleme kaydedilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
K\u00f6pr\u00fc nehir ve v\u00e2di gibi ge\u00e7ilmesi g\u00fc\u00e7 bir engelin iki k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131n\u0131\u00a0ba\u011flayan bir yap\u0131d\u0131r.\u00a0Genellikle ormanl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde ilk k\u00f6pr\u00fcler bir veya daha fazla ah\u015fap k\u00fct\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn uzat\u0131lmas\u0131yla\u00a0meydana getirilmi\u015ftir. Tropikal b\u00f6lgelerde ise lifli bitkiler…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[1006],"class_list":["post-3203","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-gezi","tag-kopru"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3203"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3203"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3203\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7221,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3203\/revisions\/7221"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3203"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3203"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3203"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}