K\u00fct\u00fcphanelerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 insanl\u0131k tarihi kadar eskidir.\u00a0Asur, Babil ve Hitit medeniyetlerinden g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fan ve yaz\u0131 yazmak\u00a0i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan kil tabletler \u00e7ok eski devirlerdeki kitap ve k\u00fct\u00fcphanecilikle ilgili bilgi vermektedir.<\/p>\n
K\u00fct\u00fcphaneyle ilgili olarak yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar ve kaz\u0131larda elde edilen bilgiler \u00e7ok eski tarihlere kadar uzanmaktad\u0131r. Asur Devleti H\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Asurbanipal<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan\u00a0Ninova’da<\/strong> M.\u00d6. 625 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulan Asurbanipal<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi<\/strong> bilinen en eski k\u00fct\u00fcphanedir. Yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131lar neticesinde elde edilen ve bu k\u00fct\u00fcphanede\u00a0bulunan \u00e7ivi yaz\u0131s\u0131yla yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kil tabletlerden 20.000 kadar\u0131 bug\u00fcn \u0130ngiltere Londra’da British Museum\u00a0koleksiyonlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r.\u00a0 K\u00fct\u00fcphanede bulunan en \u00fcnl\u00fc eser ise yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ilk kitap kabul edilen G\u0131lgam\u0131\u015f Destan\u0131’d\u0131r.<\/p>\n Ashurbanipal K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi, \u0130skenderiye K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi’nin kurulmas\u0131ndan y\u00fczy\u0131llar \u00f6nce i\u015fgalciler taraf\u0131ndan y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kuzey Mezopotamya’da,\u00a0modern Irak’\u0131n kuzeyinde, Musul kenti yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda bulunan Kouyunjik (Asur’un ba\u015fkenti Ninova) arkeolojik yerinde yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131larda, \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lan eserler modern tarih\u00e7ilere antik Yak\u0131n Do\u011fu halk\u0131yla ilgili bir \u00e7ok bilgi sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n K\u00fct\u00fcphane, arkeolog Austen Henry Layard’a taraf\u0131ndan ke\u015ffedilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Ashurbanipal inat\u00e7\u0131 ve sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 bir krald\u0131, bununla birlikte, ayn\u0131 zamanda okuryazar ve tutkulu bir metin ve tablet toplay\u0131c\u0131yd\u0131. Sava\u015f\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda bir entelekt\u00fcel olarak biliniyordu.\u00a0Yeti\u015fme \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda hem Akad hem de S\u00fcmer dillerinde ustala\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.\u00a0Eski Metinleri toplamak i\u00e7in Asur \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun her b\u00f6lgesine yaz\u0131lar g\u00f6ndermi\u015fti. Metinleri, \u00f6zellikle de Babil kaynaklar\u0131ndan kopyalamak i\u00e7in alim ve yazarlar\u0131 g\u00f6revlendirdi.<\/p>\n D\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 zalim oldu\u011fu bilinen Ashurbanipal, Babil ve \u00e7evresindeki b\u00f6lgelerden yaz\u0131l\u0131 metinleri almak i\u00e7in onlar\u0131 tehdit edebiliyor hatta zor kullan\u0131yordu. Ashurbanipal’\u0131n \u00f6zellikle kehanet metinlerini toplama konusundaki yo\u011fun ilgisi, k\u00fct\u00fcphanesi i\u00e7in eser toplamadaki itici motivasyonlar\u0131ndan biriydi. As\u0131l amac\u0131 “kraliyet iktidar\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in hayati oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc rit\u00fceller ve b\u00fcy\u00fclere sahip olmak” olabilirdi.<\/p>\n K\u00fct\u00fcphanes, \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu ciddi \u015fekilde par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015f olarak bulunan yakla\u015f\u0131k 30.000 tabletten olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Tabletlerin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu (yakla\u015f\u0131k 6.000 kadar\u0131), mevzuat, yabanc\u0131 yaz\u0131\u015fmalar ve s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler, aristokratik beyanlar ve mali konular\u0131 i\u00e7eriyordu. Geriye kalan metinler, \u00e7e\u015fitli tanr\u0131lara ibadet, \u015feref, incil ve ilahiler i\u00e7erirken, bir k\u0131sm\u0131 da t\u0131p, astronomi ve edebiyat ile ilgiliydi. K\u00fct\u00fcphanedeki t\u00fcm bu metinler i\u00e7inde sadece on tane destan ve efsane gibi etkileyici edebi eserler bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Eski Babil \u015fiir sanat\u0131n\u0131n bir ba\u015fyap\u0131t\u0131 olan G\u0131lgam\u0131\u015f Destan\u0131, En\u00fama Eli\u015f Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f Destan\u0131, Adapa Efsanesi ve Nippur’un Yoksul Adam\u0131 gibi hikayeler\u00a0 k\u00fct\u00fcphanede bulunan edebi eserler aras\u0131ndayd\u0131.<\/p>\n Tabletler genellikle \u015fekle g\u00f6re d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir: dikd\u00f6rtgen tabletlere finansal i\u015flemler, yuvarlak tabletlere ise tar\u0131msal bilgiler kaydedilmi\u015ftir. Bu d\u00f6nemde, baz\u0131 belgeler ah\u015fap \u00fczerine ve baz\u0131lar\u0131 da balmumu tabletlerine yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tabletler, i\u00e7eri\u011fine g\u00f6re farkl\u0131 odalara yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. H\u00fck\u00fcmet, tarih, hukuk, astronomi, co\u011frafya vb. i\u00e7erikler renkli i\u015faretlerle veya k\u0131sa yaz\u0131l\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamalar bulunan ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 metinleri ile tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Ninova, M.\u00d6. 612’de Babil, \u0130skitler ve Med \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu aras\u0131nda olu\u015fturulan koalisyon taraf\u0131ndan yok edildi. Saray\u0131n yak\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucu k\u00fct\u00fcphaneye zarar gelmi\u015f fakat \u00e7iviyaz\u0131l\u0131 kil tabletler ate\u015fe dayan\u0131kl\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in\u00a0kurtumu\u015ftur . Balmumu ve ah\u015fap tabletler ise \u00e7o\u011fu yok olmu\u015f veya zarar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender’in, Ninova’daki Aurbanipal’in b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00fct\u00fcphanesini g\u00f6rd\u00fckten sonra, kendi k\u00fct\u00fcphanesini kurma fikrinin olu\u015ftu\u011funu belirtilmektedir. Batlamyus (Ptolemy)’un katk\u0131lar\u0131yla M.\u00d6. 3. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda kurulmu\u015f olan\u00a0\u0130skenderiye K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi<\/strong> devrinin en b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00fct\u00fcphanesidir. Bu k\u00fct\u00fcphanede 700.000\u2019e yak\u0131n papirus\u00a0tomar\u0131yla por\u015f\u00f6men bulunuyordu. Sezar\u2019\u0131n M.\u00d6. 47\u2019de \u0130skenderiye\u2019yi i\u015fgali s\u0131ras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde\u00a0zarar g\u00f6ren k\u00fct\u00fcphane M.S. 391 senesinde M\u0131s\u0131r piskoposunun emriyle tamamen ortadan\u00a0kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n M.\u00d6. 165\u2019te kurulmu\u015f olan Pergamon (Bergama) K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi<\/strong>, Roma\u2019daki Bibliotheca Ulphia ve M.S.\u00a0355\u2019te B\u00fcy\u00fck Konstantin (Constantinus-I)in (\u0130stanbul\u2019da kurdu\u011fu imparatorluk k\u00fct\u00fcphaneleri ilk\u00a0\u00e7a\u011flar\u0131n \u00f6nemli k\u00fct\u00fcphaneleri aras\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r. Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u2019da manast\u0131rlarda kitap say\u0131s\u0131 1000\u2019i\u00a0ge\u00e7meyen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u00fct\u00fcphaneler kuruldu.<\/p>\n Avrupal\u0131lar kitap bas\u0131m\u0131na\u00a0\u00f6nem verdiler. Bu sebeple k\u00fct\u00fcphaneler de yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131. 17. ve 18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda b\u00fcy\u00fcyen \u00f6zel koleksiyonlar\u00a0Fransa\u2019da Bibliotheque National, \u0130ngiltere\u2019de British Museum, ABD\u2019nin Washington \u015fehrinde Kongre\u00a0K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi (Library Of Congrers) gibi d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en zengin k\u00fct\u00fcphaneleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Moskova\u2019daki\u00a0Milli k\u00fct\u00fcphane h\u00fcviyetindeki Lenin K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi ise 1917\u2019de kuruldu. Di\u011fer baz\u0131 \u00fclkelerde de mill\u00ee\u00a0k\u00fct\u00fcphaneler ve \u00fcniversite k\u00fct\u00fcphaneleri kuruldu.<\/p>\n G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki teknolojik geli\u015fmeler neticesinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan sesli ve g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcl\u00fc yay\u0131nlara\u00a0fazla ra\u011fbet g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi i\u00e7in k\u00fct\u00fcphanelerden faydalanan kimseler azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n K\u00fct\u00fcphaneler, belli bir sisteme g\u00f6re s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rlan kitap, dergi ve benzeri bas\u0131l\u0131 materyallerin topland\u0131\u011f\u0131, sakland\u0131\u011f\u0131, okuyucu ve\u00a0ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131na sunuldu\u011fu yerlerdir. Fars\u00e7ada ev manas\u0131na gelen \u201chane\u201d ile Arap\u00e7ada kitaplar\u00a0manas\u0131na gelen \u201ck\u00fct\u00fcb\u201d kelimelerinin birle\u015fmesinden meydana gelen \u201chane-i k\u00fct\u00fcb\u201d (kitaplar evi) isim\u00a0tamlamas\u0131ndaki tamlama \u201ci\u201dsinin d\u00fc\u015fmesi ve kelimelerin yer de\u011fi\u015ftirerek birle\u015fmesinden meydana\u00a0gelmi\u015f, K\u00fct\u00fcphane \u015feklinde s\u00f6ylenen birle\u015fik bir isimdir.<\/p>\n G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde yeni bilimsel materyallerin \u00e7e\u015fitlenip\u00a0\u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131 neticesinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan, s\u00fcreli yay\u0131n, grafik, sesli ve g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcl\u00fc yay\u0131nlar\u0131n meydana getirdi\u011fi\u00a0koleksiyonlardan olu\u015fan k\u00fct\u00fcphaneler de bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Bir fikir gayretinin sonucu olarak yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f eserleri korumak, toplamak, organize etmek, onlar\u0131\u00a0insanlar\u0131n faydalanmas\u0131na haz\u0131r hale getirmek i\u00e7in kurulmu\u015f olan k\u00fct\u00fcphaneler, yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve yap\u0131lacak\u00a0olan ilmi ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131, zaman\u0131m\u0131zda ve gelecekteki ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n istifadesine en ucuz en \u00e7abuk ve \u0130lkokuldan \u00fcniversite bitinceye kadar \u00e7e\u015fitli okullarda okuyan \u00f6\u011frenciler, \u00f6\u011frencilerin yeti\u015fmesinde\u00a0emek sarf eden \u00f6\u011fretmenler ve ilmi ve teknik geli\u015fmeleri takip eden kimseler de k\u00fct\u00fcphanelerden\u00a0faydalanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u0130lk k\u00fct\u00fcphane hakk\u0131nda bilgiler, nerede, ne zaman ve\u00a0hangi uygarl\u0131k taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015ftur. K\u00fct\u00fcphanelerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 insanl\u0131k tarihi kadar eskidir.\u00a0Asur, Babil ve Hitit medeniyetlerinden g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fan ve yaz\u0131 yazmak\u00a0i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan kil tabletler \u00e7ok…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10014,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[2007],"class_list":["post-3263","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-egitim","tag-kutuphane"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3263"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3263"}],"version-history":[{"count":17,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3263\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12148,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3263\/revisions\/12148"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/10014"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3263"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3263"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3263"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}\u0130skenderiye K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi<\/strong><\/h3>\n
Pergamon (Bergama) K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi<\/strong><\/h4>\n
K\u00fct\u00fcphane Hakk\u0131nda<\/h3>\n
\nkolay \u015fekilde sunulmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. K\u00fct\u00fcphaneler e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011fretime yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmaktad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n