{"id":3353,"date":"2016-12-16T01:57:21","date_gmt":"2016-12-15T23:57:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=3353"},"modified":"2018-03-05T21:12:41","modified_gmt":"2018-03-05T19:12:41","slug":"matbaayi-kim-buldu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=3353","title":{"rendered":"Matbaay\u0131 kim buldu"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0130lk matbaa ne zaman bulundu ve matbaay\u0131 kim icat etti sorular\u0131na cevap vermek i\u00e7in matbaan\u0131n tarihine ve bask\u0131 sistemlerine bakmakta yarar vard\u0131r. Ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131n icad\u0131ndan \u00f6nce insanlar yaz\u0131lar\u0131 kerpi\u00e7ten yap\u0131lma tabletler, ta\u015flar ve a\u011fa\u00e7lar \u00fczerine yazd\u0131lar. Fakat bu yaz\u0131lan yaz\u0131lar\u0131 \u00e7o\u011faltmak i\u00e7in yeniden yazmak gerekiyordu.\u00a0Ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131n icad\u0131yla birlikte Fizik, kimya, t\u0131p, eczac\u0131l\u0131k ve matematik gibi bilimler ile ilgili \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ve bilgiler kitaplar haline getirilmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Yine \u00e7o\u011faltma i\u015flemi elle yeniden yazarak oluyordu. \u0130\u015fte bilgi ve insanl\u0131k tarihindeki en \u00f6nemli bulu\u015flar<\/a>dan biri olan matbaan\u0131n tarihi.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk Bask\u0131 Sistemleri<\/h2>\n

Bu kitaplar ilk zamanlar elle yaz\u0131ld\u0131ysa da, zamanla daha fazla\u00a0kimsenin okuyabilmesi ve faydalanabilmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7o\u011faltma yollar\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Ta\u015f ve a\u011fa\u00e7 \u00fczerine oyulan \u00e7e\u015fitli damgalar ve\u00a0kal\u0131plar geli\u015ftirildi. B\u00f6ylece bask\u0131 tekni\u011fi ve matbaa ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Eski devirlerden beri bilinen ve\u00a0kullan\u0131lan matbaa bal mumu veya kil \u00fczerine silindir bi\u00e7imindeki damgalar ve kal\u0131plarla elde edildi.<\/p>\n

Tahta ve metal kal\u0131plarla oyulmu\u015f tu\u011flalardan da faydalan\u0131ld\u0131. M.S. 2. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda \u00c7inliler\u00a0taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilen matbaada kl\u00e2sik budist metinler bas\u0131ld\u0131. Mermer levhalara oyulan yaz\u0131 ve \u015fekiller\u00a0\u00fczerine \u0131slak k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t bas\u0131ld\u0131, k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131kan kabartma yaz\u0131 ve \u015fekiller m\u00fcrekkeple boyand\u0131. B\u00f6ylece\u00a0tek tek yazmak veya \u00e7izmek gibi zorluklar bir kenara b\u0131rak\u0131larak ayn\u0131 yaz\u0131 ve \u015fekiller pek\u00e7ok say\u0131da
\n\u00e7o\u011falt\u0131labildi.<\/p>\n

Zamanla mermer levhalar\u0131n yerini a\u011fa\u00e7 bask\u0131 bloklar\u0131 ald\u0131. A\u011fa\u00e7 blok \u00fczerine harfler ve\u00a0\u015fekiller kabartmalar h\u00e2linde oyuldu. Bas\u0131m i\u00e7in a\u011fa\u00e7 blok f\u0131r\u00e7ayla m\u00fcrekkeplendi. M\u00fcrekkepli k\u0131sm\u0131n\u00a0\u00fczerine k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t bas\u0131larak yaz\u0131 ve \u015fekiller k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerine aktar\u0131ld\u0131. Bu usulle \u00c7in ve Japonya\u2019da M.S. 8 ve\u00a09. y\u00fczy\u0131larda \u00e7e\u015fitli kutsal metinler bas\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Tipo\u00a0bask\u0131 tekni\u011fi<\/h2>\n

On birinci y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u00c7inli bir bilim adam\u0131 olan Sheng<\/strong>, metni\u00a0meydana getiren harfleri, kil ve tutkal\u0131 kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p pi\u015firerek tek tek haz\u0131rlama y\u00f6ntemini buldu. \u00d6zel\u00a0haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f ve pi\u015firilmi\u015f olan harfleri bir demir levhan\u0131n \u00fczerine yan yana dizdi. \u00dczerlerini re\u00e7ine, mum\u00a0ve k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t k\u00fcl\u00fcyle s\u0131vad\u0131. Daha sonra levhay\u0131 hafif ate\u015fte \u0131s\u0131tarak harflerin kat\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.\u00a0Kat\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f harflerle kapl\u0131 levhan\u0131n \u00fczerini m\u00fcrekkepleyerek \u00fczerine k\u00e2\u011f\u0131d\u0131 bast\u0131 ve bas\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 istedi\u011fi\u00a0metinden istedi\u011fi kadar n\u00fcsha \u00e7o\u011faltt\u0131. Bas\u0131m i\u015flemi bittikten sonra da kal\u0131b\u0131 yeniden \u0131s\u0131tarak harfleri\u00a0tek tek s\u00f6kt\u00fc. Bu harfleri sonraki seferlerde tekrar tekrar kullanabilme y\u00f6ntemini geli\u015ftirdi. B\u00f6ylece tipo\u00a0bask\u0131 tekni\u011finin ilk \u00f6rne\u011fi elde edilmi\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n

\u00c7inlilerle kom\u015fu olan T\u00fcrkler de matbaay\u0131 kullanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. T\u00fcrklerin M.S. 8. y\u00fczy\u0131lda matbaay\u0131 bildikleri ve bask\u0131 tekni\u011fini\u00a0kulland\u0131klar\u0131\u00a0biliniyor.<\/p>\n

Ticaret yapmak ve \u0130slamiyeti yaymak amac\u0131yla Semerkand ve di\u011fer Orta Asya \u015fehirlerine giden Arap t\u00fcccarlar ka\u011f\u0131t kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ve bask\u0131 tekni\u011fini g\u00f6rerek uygulamaya\u00a0ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Kuzey Afrika \u00fczerinden \u0130spanya\u2019ya ge\u00e7en ve devlet kuran End\u00fcl\u00fcs Emevileri de matbaa ve\u00a0bask\u0131 tekni\u011fini kulland\u0131lar. Ticaret i\u00e7in End\u00fcl\u00fcs\u2019e giden Avrupal\u0131lar bask\u0131 teknikleri konusunda bilgi sahibi oldular.<\/p>\n

Avrupa’da Matbaa<\/h2>\n

On d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itib\u00e2ren Avrupa\u2019da matbaa kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. \u0130lk zamanlar\u00a0daha \u00e7ok dini resimler bas\u0131ld\u0131. 15. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda ise birka\u00e7 sayfal\u0131k k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kitap\u00e7\u0131klar\u00a0bas\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. 1423-37 seneleri aras\u0131nda harflerin tek tek a\u011fa\u00e7tan oyularak haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131na\u00a0ge\u00e7ildi. Daha sonra metalden haz\u0131rlanan harflerle bask\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131. \u00d6nce pirin\u00e7 veya tun\u00e7tan bir dizi harf\u00a0kal\u0131b\u0131 haz\u0131rland\u0131. Sonra bu kal\u0131plar, bas\u0131lacak metni meydana getirecek \u015fekilde kil veya kur\u015fun gibi\u00a0yumu\u015fak bir metal matris \u00fczerine tek tek vuruldu. Arkas\u0131ndan matrisin y\u00fczeyine kur\u015fun d\u00f6k\u00fclerek kli\u015fe\u00a0levha haz\u0131rland\u0131. B\u00f6ylece Tipo bask\u0131 tekni\u011finde matbaa geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n

Johannes Gutenberg<\/h2>\n

1447 y\u0131l\u0131nda hareketli par\u00e7alar ile yaz\u0131 bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 Avrupa’da ba\u015flatan, kuyumcu, matbaac\u0131 ve yay\u0131nc\u0131d\u0131r.\u00a0Gutenberg<\/strong> daha \u00f6nceden\u00a0bilinen bask\u0131 tekniklerini daha da geli\u015ftirdi. Harfleri ve karakterleri tek tek d\u00f6kerek haz\u0131rlad\u0131. \u00d6nce\u00a0karakterin pirin\u00e7 veya tun\u00e7tan kal\u0131b\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131rlad\u0131. Kal\u0131plar\u0131n \u00e7evresine kur\u015fun d\u00f6kerek bir matris elde etti\u00a0ve bunun \u00fczerine kur\u015fun kalay ve antimon kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 bir ala\u015f\u0131m d\u00f6kerek karakterler elde etti.\u00a0Altta sabit bir yatak ile \u00fcstte vidal\u0131 bir kol yard\u0131m\u0131yla d\u00fc\u015fey olarak hareket eden bir kapaktan meydana\u00a0gelen bir matbaa makinesi geli\u015ftirdi. Bu sistemde bask\u0131s\u0131 yap\u0131lacak kli\u015fe yataktaki metal bir \u00e7er\u00e7eveye\u00a0tesbit ediliyor, m\u00fcrekkepleniyor ve \u00fcst\u00fcne k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t konuluyordu. Daha sonra kapak k\u00e2\u011f\u0131d\u0131n \u00fczerinden,\u00a0merd\u00e2ne belli bir bas\u0131n\u00e7la bast\u0131r\u0131larak k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerine bask\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiriliyordu.<\/p>\n

Daha sonra Peter\u00a0Sch\u00f6ffer<\/strong> 1475\u2019te yumu\u015fak metal kal\u0131plar yerine \u00e7elik kal\u0131plar\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 uygulamas\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131.\u00a0Sat\u0131rlar\u0131n d\u00fczg\u00fcn bir bi\u00e7imde dizilebildi\u011fi bak\u0131r kli\u015felerin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131n\u0131 elveri\u015fli h\u00e2le getirdi. Bask\u0131\u00a0makinesinin yatak b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc de hareketli duruma getirilerek k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t de\u011fi\u015ftirme, kli\u015fe m\u00fcrekkepleme ve \u00fcst\u00a0kapa\u011fa bas\u0131n\u00e7 uygulama i\u015flemleri de kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Matbaa ve zaman i\u00e7inde yeni de\u011fi\u015fiklikler<\/h2>\n

Matbaa ve bask\u0131 sistemlerinde zaman i\u00e7inde yeni de\u011fi\u015fiklikler oldu. 1790\u2019da \u0130ngiliz William Nicholson\u00a0m\u00fcrekkepleme i\u015fleminde deriyle kapl\u0131 merdane kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131. 1795\u2019te ABD\u2019li Samuel Rust\u00a0tam\u00e2men \u00e7elikten yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve \u00fcstten vidayla s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan matbaa makinesini geli\u015ftirdi. 1803\u2019te Alman\u00a0Friedrich Koenig buhar g\u00fcc\u00fcnden ve di\u015fli \u00e7ark sisteminden faydalanarak bask\u0131 kapa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n inip\u00a0kalkmas\u0131n\u0131, yata\u011f\u0131n ileri geri hareketini ve kli\u015fenin merd\u00e2nelerle m\u00fcrekkeplenmesini tek bir mekanik\u00a0hareket olarak birle\u015ftirdi. 1811\u2019de yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Andreas Bauer ile birlikte bask\u0131 kapa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yerine, \u00fczerine\u00a0k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t sar\u0131l\u0131 bobinlerin kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flatarak rotatif bask\u0131 sisteminin geli\u015fmesinin ilk ad\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 att\u0131.<\/p>\n

1865\u2019te ABD\u2019li William Bullock tabaka yerine bobin k\u00e2\u011f\u0131tlar kullanarak k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t besleme i\u015flerini devaml\u0131\u00a0k\u0131ld\u0131. Daha sonra da otomatik katlama makinelerini geli\u015ftirerek bas\u0131m i\u015fini h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131.\u00a0On dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda ve yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131lda matbaa<\/a> makineleri ve bask\u0131 teknikleri\u00a0hus\u00fbsunda b\u00fcy\u00fck geli\u015fmeler oldu. Tipo bask\u0131 sisteminin yan\u0131nda tifdruk, rotograv\u00fcr ve ofset teknikleri\u00a0kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Bas\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lacak yaz\u0131lar\u0131n harf kli\u015felerini tek tek d\u00f6kerek dizen s\u0131cak metal kullanan dizgi\u00a0makinelerinin yerini \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 optik usullerin kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgisayarl\u0131 dizgi makineleri ald\u0131. Bu s\u00e2yede\u00a0b\u00fcy\u00fck okuyucu kitleleri olan gazeteler \u00e7o\u011fald\u0131.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0130lk matbaa ne zaman bulundu ve matbaay\u0131 kim icat etti sorular\u0131na cevap vermek i\u00e7in matbaan\u0131n tarihine ve bask\u0131 sistemlerine bakmakta yarar vard\u0131r. Ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131n icad\u0131ndan \u00f6nce insanlar yaz\u0131lar\u0131 kerpi\u00e7ten yap\u0131lma tabletler,…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6114,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14,317],"tags":[1038,2560,2559,2159],"class_list":["post-3353","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-egitim","category-is-dunyasi","tag-baski","tag-gutenberg","tag-johannes-gutenberg","tag-matbaa"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3353"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3353"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3353\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10957,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3353\/revisions\/10957"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/6114"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3353"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3353"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3353"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}