Ekmek, binlerce y\u0131ld\u0131r insano\u011flunun temel g\u0131das\u0131 olma \u00f6zelli\u011fini korumaktad\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczden 9 bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce, Mezopotamya’da ilkel tah\u0131l \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin tar\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131yordu. Hemen hemen ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde de Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131nda, California y\u00f6resinde ya\u015fayan yerliler de, ekmeklik un elde edebilmek i\u00e7in baz\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ekip bi\u00e7iyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n
Dilimlenmi\u015f ekme\u011fin modern versiyonu olduk\u00e7a yeni bir bulu\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen (Wonder Bread \u015firketi, 1930’da ilk dilimlenmi\u015f somun ekmek pazarlamaya ba\u015flad\u0131), ekmek, ge\u00e7mi\u015fi 22.000 y\u0131ldan fazla olan \u00e7ok eski bir g\u0131dad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bilim adamlar\u0131 2004 y\u0131l\u0131nda, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz \u0130srail topraklar\u0131nda bulunan Ohalo II ad\u0131ndaki bir kaz\u0131 alan\u0131nda,\u00a0 22.000 y\u0131ll\u0131k arpa tanelerinin \u00f6\u011f\u00fctme ta\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6\u011f\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc bulmu\u015flard\u0131r. Bu insanlar\u0131n tah\u0131l i\u015fledi\u011finin en eski kan\u0131tlar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ekmek yapmak i\u00e7in ilk bitkiler, Natufyal\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan hasat edildi. Natufyal\u0131lar Mezolitik avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131 bir gruptu ve yakla\u015f\u0131k 12.500 y\u0131l \u00f6nce Ortado\u011fu’da \u00dcrd\u00fcn Nehri Vadisi b\u00f6lgesinde ya\u015fad\u0131lar.\u00a0Natufyal\u0131lar\u0131n g\u0131da tedarikinin t\u00fcm y\u00f6nlerini kontrol eden \u00e7ift\u00e7i olma yolundaki ilk insanlar oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Natufyal\u0131lar arpa \u00f6\u011f\u00fctmek i\u00e7in bir altyap\u0131ya kurmu\u015flar ve daha sonra ekmek haline getirmi\u015flerdir. Yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar neticesinde en eski tar\u0131m temelli toplumu olarak nitelenen Natufyal\u0131lar’\u0131n, tah\u0131llar\u0131 kaba bir un haline getirdikleri ve ate\u015fin k\u00f6zleri \u00fczerinde do\u011frudan pi\u015firdikleri k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, pide benzeri, mayas\u0131z bir somun ekme\u011fi yapt\u0131klar\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n
Gelecek birka\u00e7 bin y\u0131l boyunca, tar\u0131m ve tah\u0131l ekimi, Orta Do\u011fu ve g\u00fcneybat\u0131 Asya’ya, Nil Vadisi, Mezopotamya ve \u0130ndus Vadisi’nin do\u011fusundaki di\u011fer avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131 halklarla ticaret yoluyla yay\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n
Maya ile yap\u0131lan ilk bilinen mayalanm\u0131\u015f ekmek, yakla\u015f\u0131k M.\u00d6. 1000 y\u0131l\u0131nda\u00a0M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a kadar uzanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00d6nceleri tah\u0131l iki d\u00fcz ta\u015f par\u00e7as\u0131 aras\u0131nda ezilerek un haline getiriliyordu. Bu un, suyla kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra a\u00e7\u0131k havada yak\u0131lan ate\u015fler \u00fczerine yerle\u015ftirilen k\u0131zg\u0131n ta\u015flar\u0131n \u00fczerinde pi\u015firilerek ekmek haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Un elde etmek i\u00e7in bu\u011fday, arpa, \u00e7avdar, m\u0131s\u0131r ve dar\u0131dan yararlan\u0131l\u0131yordu. M.\u00d6. 3500 y\u0131llar\u0131nda M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da Tep \u015fehrinde ekmek yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tesbit edilmi\u015ftir. Eski M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lardan kalma duvar resimlerinde, ta\u015flar\u0131n aras\u0131nda tah\u0131l ezerek un elde etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan kad\u0131nlar\u0131 canland\u0131ran tablolar da vard\u0131r. O d\u00f6nemin ekmekleri, olduk\u00e7a sertti. Ancak, yass\u0131 somunlar\u0131n askeri kamplara ya da av b\u00f6lgelerine ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 da, olduk\u00e7a kolayd\u0131. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar kalabilen ilk ekmek \u00f6rnekleri, Hindistan’da bulunan \u00e7apati ile \u00eesko\u00e7ya’ n\u0131n yulaf ekme\u011fidir. Yukar\u0131da bahsetti\u011fimiz ekmek t\u00fcrlerinin hi\u00e7birisinde, maya kullan\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, hepsi de bas\u0131k ve sertti. Mayan\u0131n bulunu\u015fu bir rastlant\u0131 sonucu oldu.<\/p>\n
Ayr\u0131ca \u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019nin g\u00f6ller y\u00f6resinde ya\u015fayan kavimlerin ekmek yap\u0131p kulland\u0131klar\u0131, yine t\u00e2rih\u00ee kaz\u0131larda elde edilen ara\u00e7lardan anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Di\u011fer taraftan \u0130ncil\u2019de, hamurlu ve hamursuz ekmekten bahsolmas\u0131, ekme\u011fin t\u00e2rihinin \u00e7ok eskiye dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n belgesidir.<\/p>\n
M.\u00d6. 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda, M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131 bir f\u0131r\u0131nc\u0131, haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ekmek hamurlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcne\u015fin alt\u0131nda unuttu. Bu arada hamur mayalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. F\u0131r\u0131nc\u0131, unuttu\u011fu hamurlan an\u0131msay\u0131p onlar\u0131 f\u0131r\u0131na koyunca, pi\u015fen ekmeklerin kabard\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar, kubbe \u015feklinde kapal\u0131 f\u0131r\u0131nlar\u0131 yapmay\u0131 da ba\u015fard\u0131lar. Bu t\u00fcr f\u0131r\u0131nlar i\u00e7inde, \u0131s\u0131, ekme\u011fin her taraf\u0131ndan e\u015fit \u015fekilde ge\u00e7iyor ve b\u00f6ylece daha lezzetli ve kontroll\u00fc bir pi\u015firim sa\u011flan\u0131yordu. M.\u00d6. 1. yy’da Yunanl\u0131lar, su de\u011firmenini buldular.<\/p>\n
M.S. 700 y\u0131l\u0131nda da Araplar, yelde\u011firmenini yapt\u0131lar. Beyaz undan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ekmek ise, Avrupa’da un elde etmenin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc nedeniyle, geni\u015f halk kitlelerinin ula\u015famayaca\u011f\u0131 bir l\u00fckst\u00fc. 1880 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130svi\u00e7re’de ilk ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 de\u011firmen yap\u0131ld\u0131. Bu de\u011firmen, unun rengini karartan kepekleri de eliyordu ve has undan ekmek yap\u0131m\u0131 yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ise ekmekler, f\u0131r\u0131nlarda da \u00fcretilmekle birlikte, genellikle fabrikalarda pi\u015firilmekte ve i\u00e7lerine vitamin gibi baz\u0131 katk\u0131 maddeleri de eklenmektedir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Ekmek, binlerce y\u0131ld\u0131r insano\u011flunun temel g\u0131das\u0131 olma \u00f6zelli\u011fini korumaktad\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczden 9 bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce, Mezopotamya’da ilkel tah\u0131l \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin tar\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131yordu. Hemen hemen ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde de Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131nda, California y\u00f6resinde ya\u015fayan…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10339,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[240],"class_list":["post-337","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-yiyecek-icecek","tag-ekmek"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/337"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=337"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/337\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12312,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/337\/revisions\/12312"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/10339"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=337"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=337"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=337"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}