{"id":3390,"date":"2012-02-22T23:01:49","date_gmt":"2012-02-22T21:01:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=3390"},"modified":"2018-09-30T23:25:39","modified_gmt":"2018-09-30T21:25:39","slug":"mikrobu-kim-buldu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=3390","title":{"rendered":"Mikrobu kim buldu"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bir mikroorganizma veya mikrop, yaln\u0131zca mikroskop yard\u0131m\u0131yla g\u00f6r\u00fclebilen bir organizmad\u0131r ve tek h\u00fccreli formda veya bir h\u00fccre kolonisi bi\u00e7iminde olabilmektedir.\u00a0Mikroorganizmalar\u0131n olas\u0131 varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, 17. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ke\u015ffedilmeden \u00f6nce y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00f6r\u00fcnmeyen mikrobik ya\u015fam\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk olarak Hindistan’daki Jainizm dini kay\u0131tlar\u0131nda \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Mahavira<\/strong>, M.\u00d6. 6. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde, suda, havada ve ate\u015fte ya\u015fayan g\u00f6r\u00fcnmeyen mikrobik canl\u0131lar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Jain kutsal yaz\u0131lar\u0131, ayn\u0131 zamanda, b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00fcmeler halinde ve \u00e7ok k\u0131sa ya\u015fayan, bitkilerin ve hayvanlar\u0131n dokular\u0131 dahil evrenin her b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenen alt mikroskobik canl\u0131lar olarak Nigodalar\u0131<\/strong> tan\u0131mlamaktad\u0131r. G\u00f6r\u00fclmeyen organizmalar taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131lan hastal\u0131klar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kma ihtimalini g\u00f6steren en eski fikir, Roma bilim adam\u0131 Marcus Terentius Varro<\/strong>‘nun M.\u00d6. 1. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Tar\u0131m adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda\u00a0bir batakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda bir ev kurman\u0131n zararlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 insanlar\u0131 uyarmaktad\u0131r. Kitapta batakl\u0131klarda ya\u015fayan g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyen canavarlar adl\u0131 hayvanat k\u00fcmelerinden bahsedilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

1020 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130bn-i Sina<\/strong>, The Canon of Medicine’da, t\u00fcberk\u00fcloz ve di\u011fer hastal\u0131klar\u0131n bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 olabilece\u011fini s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Erken Modern Mikrop Ke\u015fifleri<\/h3>\n

Ak\u015femseddin<\/strong><\/a><\/h4>\n

T\u00fcrk bilim adam\u0131 Ak\u015femseddin, Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek’un deney yoluyla mikroplar\u0131 ke\u015ffinden iki y\u00fczy\u0131l \u00f6nce Maddat ul-Hayat adl\u0131 eserinde mikroptan bahsetmi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n

\u0130nsanlarda hastal\u0131klar\u0131n birer birer ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 varsay\u0131m\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015f. Hastal\u0131k, bir insandan di\u011ferine yay\u0131lmak suretiyle enfekte olur. Bu enfeksiyon, g\u00f6r\u00fclemeyecek kadar, canl\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck tohumlar vas\u0131tas\u0131yla olu\u015fur.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

1546’da Girolamo Fracastoro, salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klar\u0131n direkt veya endirekt temas yoluyla meydana geldi\u011fini ve hastal\u0131klara hatta uzun mesafelerde temas etmeden enfeksiyon bula\u015ft\u0131rabilen tohum benzeri varl\u0131klar\u0131n neden oldu\u011funu \u00f6nermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek<\/a><\/h4>\n

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, mikrobiyolojinin babas\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Kendi tasar\u0131m\u0131 olan basit tek mercekli mikroskop kullanarak, mikroorganizmalarla bilimsel deneyler yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mikroplar\u0131 ke\u015ffetmek, g\u00f6zlemlemek, tan\u0131mlamak, ara\u015ft\u0131rmak ve y\u00fcr\u00fctmek i\u00e7in 1673’te bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a01674\u2019te protozoonlar\u0131<\/strong> ve 1676\u2019da bakterileri <\/strong>mikroskop ile g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Robert Hooke<\/h4>\n

Robert Hooke, meyveler \u00fczerinde olu\u015fan k\u00fcf\u00fc mikroskop alt\u0131nda incelemi\u015f ve mikrobik ya\u015fam\u0131 g\u00f6zlemledi. 1665 tarihli Mikrographa<\/strong>\u00a0(Mikrografi) kitab\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n resimlerini \u00e7izdi ve h\u00fccre terimini icat etti.<\/p>\n

Louis Pasteur<\/h4>\n

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895),\u00a01850’lerde Louis Pasteur, mikroorganizmalar\u0131n spontan nesil teorisini \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcterek mikroplar\u0131n g\u0131da bozulmas\u0131na neden oldu\u011funu bulmu\u015ftur. Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 deneylerle hava ile temas etmeyen pi\u015firilmi\u015f et par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131n bozulmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, hava ile temas eden\u015ferin ise bozuldu\u011funu g\u00f6zlemledi. Deney sonu\u00e7lar\u0131; etin bozulmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fcyen canl\u0131 organizmalar\u0131n, etin kendisinden gelmedi\u011fini, toz sporlar\u0131 gibi d\u0131\u015fardan geldi\u011fi anlam\u0131na geliyordu. B\u00f6ylece, Pasteur spontan nesil teorisinin ge\u00e7ersiz oldu\u011funu ve hastal\u0131k mikrobu teorisinin do\u011frulu\u011funu destekledi.<\/p>\n

Robert Koch<\/h4>\n

1876’da Robert Koch (1843-1910) mikroorganizmalar\u0131n t\u00fcberk\u00fcloz, kolera ve \u015farbon hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na neden oldu\u011funu ke\u015ffetti.\u00a0 \u015earbon mikrobu nedeniyle enfekte olan s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131n kan\u0131nda her zaman \u00e7ok say\u0131da Bacillus antrasisi bulundu\u011funu tespit etti. Koch, enfekte olmu\u015f hayvandan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir kan \u00f6rne\u011fi ald\u0131. Onu sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir hayvana enjekte ederek bir hayvandan di\u011ferine \u015farbon mikrobu g\u00f6nderdi\u011fini tespit etti. Sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 hayvan\u0131n hastalanmas\u0131na neden olan \u015feyin \u015farbon mikrobu oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlad\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca bakterileri bir besin suyu i\u00e7inde b\u00fcy\u00fctebilece\u011fini, daha sonra sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir hayvana enjekte edebilece\u011fini ve hastal\u0131\u011fa neden olabilece\u011fini ke\u015ffetti. Bu deneylere dayanarak, bir mikroorganizma ile bir hastal\u0131k aras\u0131nda nedensel bir ba\u011flant\u0131 kurma kriterleri geli\u015ftirdi. Bu varsay\u0131mlar her durumda uygulanamasa da, bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin geli\u015fimi i\u00e7in tarihi \u00f6nemi vard\u0131r ve halen g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Hayvan ya da bitki t\u00fcrlerine uymayan Euglena gibi mikroorganizmalar\u0131n hareket ettiklerinin ke\u015ffi, 1860’l\u0131 y\u0131llarda \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir t\u00fcr\u00fcn adland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. 1860’da John Hogg<\/strong>, bunu Protoctista olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131 ve 1866’da Ernst Haeckel<\/strong> Protista olarak isimlendirdi.<\/p>\n

Pasteur ve Koch’un \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, do\u011frudan t\u0131bbi \u00f6nemi olan mikroorganizmalara odakland\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in mikrobik d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ger\u00e7ek \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fini do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde yans\u0131tmad\u0131. Martinus Beijerinck ve Sergei Winogradsky’nin 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonuna kadar, mikrobiyolojinin ger\u00e7ek geni\u015fli\u011fini ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Beijerinck mikrobiyolojiye iki \u00f6nemli katk\u0131 yapt\u0131: vir\u00fcslerin ke\u015ffi ve zenginle\u015ftirme k\u00fclt\u00fcr tekniklerinin geli\u015ftirilmesi. Tobacco Mosaic Virus hakk\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 virolojinin temel ilkelerini olu\u015ftururken, \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131nca farkl\u0131 fizyolojilere sahip \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli mikroplar\u0131n ekilmesini sa\u011flayan mikrobiyoloji \u00fczerinde en h\u0131zl\u0131 etkiye sahip olan zenginle\u015ftirme k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Winogradsky, kemototrofif kavram\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftiren ve b\u00f6ylece mikroorganizmalar\u0131n jeokimyasal s\u00fcre\u00e7lerdeki rol\u00fcn\u00fc ilk kez ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Hem nitrifikasyon hem azot sabitleme bakterilerinin ilk izolasyonundan ve tarifini yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lk mikrobiyologlardan biri olan Frans\u0131z-Kanadal\u0131 mikrobiyolog Felix d’Herelle, bakteriyofajlar\u0131 ke\u015ffetti.<\/p>\n

Mikrobiyoloji<\/h3>\n

Mikroplar\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131ran ve \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131lan bilim dal\u0131 dal\u0131 mikrobiyolojidir. Mikrobiyoloji Viroloji, Bakteriyoloji, Protozooloji, Algoloji ve Mikoloji olmak \u00fczere be\u015f ana b\u00f6l\u00fcme ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca Mikrobiyoloji bilimi botanik, zooloji, biyokimya, ekoloji,\u00a0molek\u00fcler ve h\u00fccresel biyoloji dallar\u0131 ile yak\u0131n ili\u015fki i\u00e7indedir.<\/p>\n

Tek h\u00fccreli mikroorganizmalar<\/strong>, d\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak 3-4 milyar y\u0131l \u00f6nce olu\u015fmu\u015f ilk canl\u0131 bi\u00e7imleridir. Evrim s\u00fcrecinin yava\u015f olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 3 milyar y\u0131l boyunca Kambriyen \u00f6ncesi devirde t\u00fcm canl\u0131lar mikroskobikti. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n meydana gelmesinden bu zamana kadar ge\u00e7en zaman\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde d\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde yaln\u0131zca mikrobiyolojik canl\u0131lar ya\u015fad\u0131. Mikroorganizmalar\u0131n morfolojilerinin \u00e7ok az de\u011fi\u015fti 220 milyon y\u0131ll\u0131k bir kehribar\u0131n i\u00e7inde bakteri<\/strong>, algler<\/strong> ve mantarlar<\/strong> bulunmas\u0131ndan sonra anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bir mikroorganizma veya mikrop, yaln\u0131zca mikroskop yard\u0131m\u0131yla g\u00f6r\u00fclebilen bir organizmad\u0131r ve tek h\u00fccreli formda veya bir h\u00fccre kolonisi bi\u00e7iminde olabilmektedir.\u00a0Mikroorganizmalar\u0131n olas\u0131 varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, 17. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ke\u015ffedilmeden \u00f6nce y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00f6r\u00fcnmeyen…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10277,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[92,18],"tags":[2752,2751,1609,2753,1639,1640],"class_list":["post-3390","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim","category-saglik","tag-anton-van-leeuwenhoek","tag-charlet-sedillot","tag-mikrobiyoloji","tag-mikroorganizma","tag-mikrop","tag-mikroplar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3390"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3390"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3390\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12114,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3390\/revisions\/12114"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/10277"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3390"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3390"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3390"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}