{"id":3392,"date":"2015-03-13T03:00:01","date_gmt":"2015-03-13T01:00:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=3392"},"modified":"2018-10-02T18:49:20","modified_gmt":"2018-10-02T16:49:20","slug":"mikrobiyolojiyi-kim-buldu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=3392","title":{"rendered":"Mikrobiyolojiyi kim kurdu, kurucusu kim?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Mikrobiyolojiye Katk\u0131 Sa\u011flayan Bilim Adamlar\u0131<\/h2>\n

Mikrobiyoloji, Mikrop diye de isimlendirilen, g\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fclemeyecek kadar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck canl\u0131lar\u0131 inceleyen bilim dal\u0131d\u0131r. Mikroorganizma denilince bakteriler, vir\u00fcsler, protozoonlar, mantarlar ve ilkel algler anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Mikrobiyoloji bilim dal\u0131n\u0131n faydal\u0131 oldu\u011fu di\u011fer bran\u015flar, t\u0131p, tar\u0131m ve end\u00fcstridir. Mikrobiyolojiyi kim buldu?<\/p>\n

Frans\u0131z kimyac\u0131s\u0131 Louis Pasteur<\/strong>, mikrobiyolojinin kurucusu olarak kabul edilir. Pasteur 1856 y\u0131l\u0131nda, alkoll\u00fc i\u00e7ki imalat\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan fermentasyonun mayalar taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi. Pasteur\u2019\u00fcn mayalar \u00fczerindeki bu a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131ndan sonra 1867\u2019de \u0130ngiliz cerrah\u0131 Joseph Lister, antiseptik solusyonlar\u0131 infeksiyonlara kar\u015f\u0131 koruyucu olarak kullanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. \u201cOtoklav\u201d denilen mikropsuzla\u015ft\u0131rma (Sterilizasyon) arac\u0131n\u0131n Pasteur\u2019\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma arkada\u015flar\u0131ndan Charles Chamberland<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan bulunmas\u0131yla sterilizasyon i\u015flemi laboratuvar ve ameliyathanelerde devaml\u0131 kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

1877\u2019de Prusya\u2019da ad\u0131 duyulmam\u0131\u015f bir kasaba hekimi olan Robert Koch<\/strong>, belli bir bakterinin (Bacillus anthracis) \u015farbon etkeni\u00a0 oldu\u011funu ispat etti. Pasteur bir ad\u0131m daha ileri giderek, laboratuvar \u015fartlar\u0131nda mikroplar\u0131n hastaland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k \u00f6zelliklerini azaltmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131. Koch\u2019un ikinci b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131, 1882\u2019de kendi ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan verem basilini bulmas\u0131d\u0131r. 1885\u2019te ise Pasteur Frans\u0131z Bilimler Akademisine sundu\u011fu bildiride, kuduza kar\u015f\u0131 a\u015f\u0131y\u0131 <\/a>buldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131.<\/p>\n

T\u0131bbi Bakteriyolojinin geli\u015fimi<\/h2>\n

Pasteur ve Koch\u2019un \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndan sonra, bu bilgilerin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok hastal\u0131k, bakterilerin mevcudiyetine ba\u011fland\u0131. Koch\u2019un asistanlar\u0131ndan ve ayn\u0131 zamanda da bir askeri cerrah olan Friedrich Loeffler<\/strong> 1884\u00a0 y\u0131l\u0131nda kendi ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan Difteri basilini buldu. Emil Behring ise, difteri toksinine kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131klanm\u0131\u015f hayvanlar\u0131n serumlar\u0131n\u0131 vererek insanlarda difterinin hafifletilebilece\u011fini s\u00f6yledi. 1893\u2019te Alexander Yersin<\/strong>, Hong Kong\u2019ta veba etkenini izole etmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131. Yersin\u2019in bu bulu\u015funa paralel olarak veba mikrobu Koch\u2019un Japon asistanlar\u0131ndan Shibasaburo Kitasato<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan da bulunmu\u015ftu. Kitasato 1889\u2019da tetanus amilinin bir anaerobik sporlu ve toksin \u00fcretici bir mikrop olan Clostridium tetani taraf\u0131ndan husule getirildi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. Zamanla bakteriler ve yapt\u0131klar\u0131 hastal\u0131klar\u0131n listesi giderek geni\u015fledi.<\/p>\n

Bakteriler yaln\u0131zca hastal\u0131k yapan varl\u0131klar olarak ele al\u0131nmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Do\u011fada bir\u00e7ok yerde bakteriler \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir denge rol\u00fc oynamaktad\u0131r. 1878\u2019de iki Frans\u0131z ilim adam\u0131 Theophile Schloesing <\/strong>ve Achille Mantz<\/strong>, topraktaki nitrat bile\u015fiklerinden amonyak \u00fcretiminin basit bir kimyasal reaksiyon olmay\u0131p, olay\u0131n baz\u0131 mikroorganizmalarca yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131lar. Bu olay\u0131 yapan bakterileri 1890\u2019da bir Rus bilim adam\u0131 Sergei Winogradsky<\/strong> buldu. Bu tip bakteriler enerji ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamada organik maddeleri\u00a0 kullanamazlar, ancak bu i\u015f i\u00e7in amonya\u011f\u0131n oksitlenmesiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan enerjiyi kullan\u0131rlar. V\u00fccut maddelerinin yap\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in gereken karbonu karbondioksitten al\u0131rlar. Bu iki \u00f6zellikleri dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bunlara kemoototrof (kimysal yolla kendi kendine beslenen) denmi\u015ftir. Ayn\u0131 Rus bilim adam\u0131n\u0131n bir di\u011fer a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 baz\u0131 anaerobik (oksijene ihtiyac\u0131 olmayan) bakterilerin toprakta serbest bulundu\u011fu ve atmosferdeki azotu, bitkilerin kullanabilece\u011fi hale getirdi\u011fi \u015feklindeydi.<\/p>\n

1901\u2019de toprakta baklagiller cinsi bitkilerin k\u00f6klerinde ya\u015fayan \u201cRhizobium\u201d t\u00fcr\u00fcnde bakteriler ke\u015ffedildi. Bunlar, k\u00f6k\u00fcnde\u00a0 bulunduklar\u0131 bitkinin faydas\u0131na olarak, havadaki azotu tesbit edici \u00f6zelli\u011fe sahiptir.<\/p>\n

Viroloji<\/h2>\n

1884\u2019te Frans\u0131z bakteriyolo\u011fu Charles Chamberland<\/strong> bakterilerin ge\u00e7i\u015fine izin vermeyen porselen bir filtre \u00fcretti. Bu filtre bakteriden ar\u0131nm\u0131\u015f su elde etmede kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu. 1892\u2019de Rus bilim adam\u0131 Dimitri \u0130vanovsky<\/strong> t\u00fct\u00fcn mozaik hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n etkeninin bu s\u00fczge\u00e7ten ge\u00e7ebildi\u011fini g\u00f6sterdi. Bu s\u00fczge\u00e7lerden ge\u00e7en mikroorganizmalara filtrabl (filtreden ge\u00e7ebilen) vir\u00fcsler ad\u0131 verildi.<\/p>\n

1900\u2019de Amerikal\u0131 ilim adam\u0131 Walter Reed<\/strong>\u2019in baz\u0131 filtrabl vir\u00fcslerin belli bir hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 (bu hastal\u0131k \u201cSar\u0131 Humma\u201d d\u0131r)\u00a0 g\u00f6stermesi kendine hakl\u0131 bir \u015f\u00f6hret sa\u011flad\u0131. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde bakteriden ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f filtratlar\u0131n (s\u00fcz\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n) hayvanlarda t\u00fcm\u00f6r ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131nda rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk olarak V. Ellerman <\/strong>ve O. Bang<\/strong> (1908 Danimarka) daha sonra da Peyton Rous (1911 ABD) taraf\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131. Vir\u00fcslerin bakteriler i\u00e7inde de geli\u015febildikleri 1915\u2019te Frederick Twort<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan bildirildi. Bu vir\u00fcslere \u201cBakteriyofajlar\u201d denildi. 1935 y\u0131l\u0131nda t\u00fct\u00fcn mozaik vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn kristalizasyonla safla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p, elde edilmesi, vir\u00fcslerin birer mikrop olmaktan ziyade, birer kimyasal molek\u00fcl oldu\u011fu fikrini ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. 1937\u2019de vir\u00fcslerin nukleoprotein yap\u0131s\u0131nda olduklar\u0131 \u0130ngiliz ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar F.C. Bawden<\/strong> ve N.W. Pirich<\/strong>\u2019in ekibince bildirildi. Elektron mikroskobunun ilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131na sunulmas\u0131n\u0131 takiben vir\u00fcslerin foto\u011fraflar\u0131 \u00e7ekilebildi ve incelemeler sonucu h\u00fccresel yap\u0131ya sahip olmad\u0131klar\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. Yine elektron mikroskobunun ve molek\u00fcler biyolojinin geli\u015fmesi \u201cb\u00fcy\u00fck vir\u00fcs\u201d veya \u201ck\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bakteri\u201d denilebilecek k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck mikroorganizmalar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi. Bunlara riketsia denildi. Riketsialar tifus, siper hummas\u0131, kayal\u0131k da\u011flar\u0131 hummas\u0131 ve di\u011fer baz\u0131 hastal\u0131klar\u0131 yaparlar.<\/p>\n

Mikoloji<\/h2>\n

Mikrobiyolojinin, mantarlarla u\u011fra\u015fan dal\u0131. Mantarlar\u0131n yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131, ya\u015fay\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 ve yapt\u0131klar\u0131 hastal\u0131klar\u0131 inceler. On sekizinci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131 ve 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda mantarlar ciddi olarak bitki hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n amili olarak tan\u0131nd\u0131. 1835\u2019te Agastino Bassi<\/strong>, ipek b\u00f6ceklerinde hastal\u0131k yapan bir mikroorganizman\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u201cBeauveria bassiana\u201d ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan bir mantar oldu\u011funu buldu. David Gruby<\/strong> adl\u0131 Paris\u2019te ya\u015fayan bir Macar ilim adam\u0131 da \u00f6nce \u00e7ocuk a\u011f\u0131z-bo\u011faz\u0131ndaki aftlar\u0131n amilinin \u201cCandida albicans\u201d ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan maya mantar\u0131 oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131p, daha sonra derinin \u00f6nemli mantar hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 bildirdi. 1841-1845 aras\u0131ndaki bu ke\u015fiflerden sonra mantarlar\u0131n insan veya hayvan v\u00fccudunda y\u00fczeyde ve derinde bir\u00e7ok iltihabi hastal\u0131\u011fa sebep oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. Bununla birlikte genel olarak bakterilerin daha \u00e7ok insan ve hayvanda, mantarlar\u0131n da daha \u00e7ok bitkilerde hastal\u0131k yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul edilir. Mantarlar \u00fczerindeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar bu \u015fekilde ilerleyerek 1900 y\u0131llar\u0131na var\u0131ld\u0131. 1928 y\u0131l\u0131nda Alexander Flemming<\/strong>, Penicillum cinsi mantarlar\u0131n, bakterileri tahrip eden bir madde \u00fcrettiklerini ke\u015ffetti. Bu maddeye de\u201cpenisilin\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi. 1940 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar \u00f6nemli addedilmeyen bu ke\u015fif, o tarihte Oxford \u00dcniversitesindeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ekibinin penisilinin b\u00fcy\u00fck antibakteriyel etkisini ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmas\u0131yla \u00f6nem kazand\u0131. Penisilin gibi bakterilerin \u00e7o\u011falmalar\u0131n\u0131 durduran maddelere antibiotik ad\u0131 verildi.<\/p>\n

Mikrobiyolojide ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan ilerlemeler, 1900 y\u0131llar\u0131ndan sonra s\u00fcratle devam etti. Mantarlar\u0131n yapt\u0131klar\u0131 hastal\u0131klar, ila\u00e7 yap\u0131m\u0131 end\u00fcstrideki kullan\u0131l\u0131\u015flar\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131m\u0131zda \u00e7ok ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan konular haline geldi. Mikrobiyolojide kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flayan \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli\u00a0 metodlar, mikoloji ve mantar hastal\u0131klar\u0131na da \u00f6nemli katk\u0131larda bulundu. Soburoaud\u2019un buldu\u011fu besi yeri bir\u00e7ok mantar\u0131n \u00fcretilerek te\u015fhisini sa\u011flad\u0131. Mantar hastal\u0131klar\u0131 (mikozlar) \u00e7ok rastlanan rahats\u0131zl\u0131klard\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle ayak mantarlar\u0131 pek\u00e7ok ki\u015fide g\u00f6r\u00fclen ve rahats\u0131z edici ka\u015f\u0131nt\u0131lar yapan durumlard\u0131r. Deri mantarlar\u0131 ve sistemik hastal\u0131k yapan mantarlar olarak mantar hastal\u0131klar\u0131 ikiye ayr\u0131labilir. Deride hastal\u0131k yapan mantarlardan kel, kandida hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131, sakal mantarlar\u0131 ve t\u0131rnak mantarlar\u0131 \u00f6nemlidir. Blastomikoz, akdtinomikoz, histoplazmoz gibi hastal\u0131klar v\u00fccudun derinliklerinde yerle\u015fen mantar enfeksiyonlar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Protozooloji<\/h2>\n

On dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda Almanya\u2019da C.G. Ehrenberg<\/strong>, protozooloji dal\u0131n\u0131 ilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131na takdim etti. O protozoonlar\u0131n hayvanlardaki her organ sistemine (\u00e7ok \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclt\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olarak) sahip olan canl\u0131lar oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. On\u00a0 dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda Alman ilim adam\u0131 German Karl Van Siebold<\/strong> protozoonlar\u0131n tek h\u00fccreli canl\u0131lar oldu\u011funu ortaya koydu. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde protozonlar\u0131n \u015fark \u00e7\u0131ban\u0131, kala-azar, s\u0131tma gibi hastal\u0131klar\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Mikrobiyolojiye Katk\u0131 Sa\u011flayan Bilim Adamlar\u0131 Mikrobiyoloji, Mikrop diye de isimlendirilen, g\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fclemeyecek kadar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck canl\u0131lar\u0131 inceleyen bilim dal\u0131d\u0131r. Mikroorganizma denilince bakteriler, vir\u00fcsler, protozoonlar, mantarlar ve ilkel algler anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Mikrobiyoloji bilim…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[92],"tags":[1615,1625,1602,1612,1627,1617,1626,1618,1620,1623,1622,1611,1628,1396,1609,1624,1621,1610,1616,1613,1614,1619],"class_list":["post-3392","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bilim","tag-achille-mantz","tag-agastino-bassi","tag-alexander-flemming","tag-alexander-yersin","tag-c-g-ehrenberg","tag-charles-chamberland","tag-david-gruby","tag-dimitri-ivanovsky","tag-ellerman","tag-f-c-bawden","tag-frederick-twort","tag-friedrich-loeffler","tag-german-karl-van-siebold","tag-louis-pasteur","tag-mikrobiyoloji","tag-n-w-pirich","tag-peyton-rous","tag-robert-koch","tag-sergei-winogradsky","tag-shibasaburo-kitasato","tag-theophile-schloesing","tag-walter-reed"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3392"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3392"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3392\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12167,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3392\/revisions\/12167"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3392"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3392"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3392"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}