Bug\u00fcne dek bulunabilen en eski tu\u011flalara, Filistin’de bir kaz\u0131da rastland\u0131. 8 bin y\u0131ll\u0131k olduklar\u0131 saptanan bu tu\u011flalar, g\u00fcne\u015fte pi\u015firilmi\u015f bal\u00e7\u0131ktan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. M.\u00d6. 3000 y\u0131l\u0131nda M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar, pi\u015firdikleri tu\u011flalar\u0131n sonradan \u00e7atlamas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in, bal\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131n i\u00e7ine saman par\u00e7alar\u0131 koymay\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n
\u00d6zel kal\u0131plar i\u00e7inde d\u00f6k\u00fclen bu kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m (kerpi\u00e7), ara s\u0131ra tersy\u00fcz edilerek g\u00fcne\u015fte kurutuluyordu. Is\u0131 artt\u0131k\u00e7a tu\u011flalar\u0131n daha dayan\u0131kl\u0131 oldu\u011funu farkeden Mezopotamyal\u0131lar, tu\u011flalar\u0131 g\u00fcne\u015fin alt\u0131nda kuruttuktan sonra, bin dereceye varan s\u0131cakl\u0131ktaki f\u0131r\u0131nlarda ayr\u0131ca pi\u015firdiler. End\u00fcstri devrimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda, tu\u011flalar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131 da fabrikasyon haline getirildi. \u0130lk tu\u011fla makinesi, 1825 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere’de yap\u0131ld\u0131. Ticari a\u00e7\u0131dan ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olan ilk tu\u011fla \u00fcretim tesisleri ise, 1879 y\u0131l\u0131nda yine \u0130ngiltere’de, Richard Bennett taraf\u0131ndan kuruldu. 1930 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren ise \u00e7imento ve k\u00fcl kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndan biriket \u00fcreten tesisler kuruldu.<\/p>\n
Tu\u011fla,<\/b> har\u00e7 ile biribirine tutturularak duvar in\u015fas\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan, pi\u015fmi\u015f veya kurutulmu\u015f kil bazl\u0131 topraktan elde edilen yap\u0131 malzemesi. \u00c7o\u011funlukla dikd\u00f6rtgenler prizmas\u0131 \u015feklindedir.<\/p>\n
Tu\u011fla<\/b> ve kiremit kullan\u0131m\u0131 insano\u011flunun olu\u015fumu kadar eskiye dayanmaktad\u0131r.\u00a0\u0130lk tu\u011fla veya kiremit \u00fcretim tesisi belki de insanlar taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan ilk evdir diyebiliriz. Bu evler \u00f6zellikle nehir k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda ve deltalarda yer alan yerle\u015fim b\u00f6lgelerinde, kurutulmu\u015f kil tabletlerle, yap\u0131lacak evlerin yan\u0131nda olu\u015fturulan basit bir \u00fcretim d\u00fczene\u011fi ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Bu konuda ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 tarihi vermek ne yaz\u0131k ki m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Mezopotamya b\u00f6lgesinde Dicle ve F\u0131rat nehirleri k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131larda bulunan pi\u015fmemi\u015f kil tabletler M\u00d6 13. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n
Pi\u015fmi\u015f tu\u011flan\u0131n end\u00fcstriyel anlamda ilk \u00fcretimi ise M\u00d6 4. yy\u2019a Babil Kulesi yap\u0131m\u0131na denk d\u00fc\u015fmektedir. Tarih\u00e7iler bu kulede 85 milyon adet tu\u011fla kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hesaplam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu g\u00fcn bu rakamda tu\u011flay\u0131 ancak 5-6 geli\u015fmi\u015f teknolojili fabrikan\u0131n 1 y\u0131ll\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ile \u00fcretebildi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrsek, burada yap\u0131lan \u00fcretimin ger\u00e7ekten de teknolojik a\u00e7\u0131dan de\u011fer ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmek gerekir. Babil kulesi i\u015fte bu nedenle tu\u011fla<\/i> \u00fcretimi ve end\u00fcstrisi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli bir simgedir.<\/p>\n
Kiremiti ilk \u00fcretip kullananlar\u0131n Korintler oldu\u011fu kabul edilir. Korintler bug\u00fcn de kullan\u0131lan i\u00e7b\u00fckey kiremitleri, haz\u0131rlanan tu\u011fla hamurunu tokmakla d\u00f6v\u00fcp yayg\u0131n hale getirerek ve \u015fimdikinden daha kal\u0131n ve b\u00fcy\u00fck olarak M\u00d6 4. YY\u2019da \u00fcretmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n
Anadolu’da ve Avrupa’ da da bu tarihsel geli\u015fime paralel olarak ilerleyen \u00fcretim \u015fekilleri Romal\u0131lar\u0131n ilk standartlar\u0131 getirmeleri ve bu i\u015fin ticaretini yapmaya ba\u015flamalar\u0131 ile farkl\u0131 bir boyut kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Daha ileri d\u00f6nemlerde Anadolu’da Sel\u00e7uklu ve Osmanl\u0131 mimarisinin vazge\u00e7ilmez bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olan tu\u011fla ve kiremit Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n standartlar\u0131 ile Anadolu\u2019ya has bir mimari tarz olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Kiremitlerin daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, tu\u011fla boyutlar\u0131n\u0131n ise daha b\u00fcy\u00fck tutuldu\u011fu Osmanl\u0131lar d\u00f6neminde ilk standartlar uygulanmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. O d\u00f6nemde standart d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00fcretim veya bunlar\u0131n in\u015faatlarda kullan\u0131m\u0131 yasaklanm\u0131\u015f, bu konuda \u00f6nemli cezalar \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Hatta in\u015faatlarda bina katlar\u0131 ve modelleri konusunda bile standart uygulamalar bu d\u00f6nemde getirilmi\u015ftir. Anadolu\u2019da sekt\u00f6rel geli\u015fme dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise ne yaz\u0131k ki at\u00f6lye ve a\u00e7\u0131k ocak imalathaneleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda fabrika ve end\u00fcstriyel \u00fcretim yapan tesis Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n son d\u00f6nemine kadar ger\u00e7ekle\u015fememi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Cumhuriyetin ilan\u0131ndan sonra yabanc\u0131 giri\u015fimciler sayesinde Marmara ve Ege b\u00f6lgelerinde tu\u011fla ve kiremit \u00fcretim tesisleri yap\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f, ilerleyen d\u00f6nemde yerli giri\u015fimciler sayesinde sekt\u00f6rde geli\u015fim s\u00fcreci yakalanm\u0131\u015f ve \u00f6nce ithal makinelerle yap\u0131lan tesisler yerini yerli makinelere b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak bu olu\u015fum \u00e7ok ge\u00e7 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f olup belki de sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn Avrupa \u015fartlar\u0131na g\u00f6re daha az modernize olmas\u0131n\u0131n bir nedenidir.<\/p>\n
Avrupa’da ne yaz\u0131k ki sekt\u00f6rel geli\u015fme \u00e7ok daha h\u0131zl\u0131 ilerlemi\u015f, \u00f6zellikle buharl\u0131 makinelerin bulunmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan \u00f6ncelikle hammadde haz\u0131rlama makinelerinde kullan\u0131lan hayvan g\u00fcc\u00fc yerini buharl\u0131 motorlara b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1700\u2019l\u00fc y\u0131llarda sekt\u00f6rde ilk devrim say\u0131lan bu makinele\u015fmenin ard\u0131ndan 1800\u2019l\u00fc y\u0131llarda helezonlu \u015fekillendirme preslerinin geli\u015fimi ile delikli ve daha hafif tu\u011fla \u00fcretimi g\u00fcndeme gelmi\u015f, bu da daha az hammadde ve daha az enerji ile daha fazla \u00fcretimin yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha sonralar\u0131 Hoffman<\/i> ve t\u00fcnel<\/i> tip f\u0131r\u0131nlar\u0131n devreye girmesi ile de b\u00fcy\u00fck bir at\u0131l\u0131m ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f, \u00fcretimler artm\u0131\u015f, tu\u011fla ve kiremit \u00e7ok daha kolay \u00fcretilen ve ucuz bir yap\u0131 malzemesi haline gelmi\u015f ve kullan\u0131m\u0131 giderek yayg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Bug\u00fcne dek bulunabilen en eski tu\u011flalara, Filistin’de bir kaz\u0131da rastland\u0131. 8 bin y\u0131ll\u0131k olduklar\u0131 saptanan bu tu\u011flalar, g\u00fcne\u015fte pi\u015firilmi\u015f bal\u00e7\u0131ktan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. M.\u00d6. 3000 y\u0131l\u0131nda M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar, pi\u015firdikleri tu\u011flalar\u0131n sonradan \u00e7atlamas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10500,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[1172],"class_list":["post-346","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ev","tag-tugla"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/346"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=346"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/346\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10501,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/346\/revisions\/10501"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/10500"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=346"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=346"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=346"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}