{"id":3570,"date":"2013-12-18T02:26:29","date_gmt":"2013-12-18T00:26:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=3570"},"modified":"2016-12-24T18:55:02","modified_gmt":"2016-12-24T16:55:02","slug":"patlayici-maddeleri-kim-buldu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=3570","title":{"rendered":"Patlay\u0131c\u0131 Maddeleri kim buldu"},"content":{"rendered":"

Patlay\u0131c\u0131 Maddeler ani bir reaksiyon vererek \u0131s\u0131 ve gaz\u00a0a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131karan maddelerdir. Patlay\u0131c\u0131lar genellikle, tahrip edici ve asker\u00ee maksatlar i\u00e7in, ayn\u0131 zamanda\u00a0rokete patlama enerjisi ile\u00a0h\u0131z veren yak\u0131t olarak da kullan\u0131l\u0131rlar. Kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131 bir patlay\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n normal\u00a0\u015fartlarda ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 ve muh\u00e2fazas\u0131 emin olmal\u0131, az bir \u0131s\u0131 ile uyar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 an, kolayca reaksiyona\u00a0ge\u00e7ebilmelidir. B\u00fct\u00fcn patlay\u0131c\u0131lar tehlikeli olup, y\u00fcksek e\u011fitim g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f personel d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki kimseler\u00a0taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lamaz ve i\u015fleme t\u00e2bi tutulamazlar.<\/p>\n

Barutun \u0130cad\u0131<\/h2>\n

Bilinen ilk patlay\u0131c\u0131 madde olan barutu ke\u015ffedenlerin<\/a> M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar oldu\u011fu ar\u015fivlerde
\nge\u00e7mektedir. M.S. takriben 1200 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Arabistanl\u0131 Abdullah\u2019\u0131n kitab\u0131nda, barutun temel maddesi
\nolan potasyum nitrattan bahsedilmektedir. \u00c7inlilerin de bu y\u00fczy\u0131lda kulland\u0131klar\u0131 kara baruttur. Tahmin
\nedildi\u011fine g\u00f6re bu barutun kullan\u0131m\u0131 \u00c7in\u2019den bat\u0131ya do\u011fru yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve 13. y\u00fczy\u0131lda da bat\u0131da
\nkullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lk olarak 1320 civar\u0131nda tabanca patlat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olarak istifade edilmi\u015f
\n1600\u2019lerde de tahrip edici olarak i\u015f g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Modern patlay\u0131c\u0131 teknolojisi, 1833\u2019te, Frans\u0131z kimy\u00e2geri Henri Braconnot<\/strong>\u2019un nitrik asidin ni\u015fasta ile
\nverdi\u011fi alev al\u0131c\u0131 olan esteri elde etmesiyle ba\u015flad\u0131. 1846\u2019da Alman kimy\u00e2geri Christian F. Sch\u00f6nbein,
\nsel\u00fclozu s\u00fclfat ve nitrat asidi kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ile nitrolayarak kara baruttan iki kat daha tesirli olan nitro
\nsel\u00fclozu elde etti.<\/p>\n

1846\u2019da \u0130talyan kimy\u00e2ger Ascanio Sobrero<\/strong> trinitro gliserini elde etti, fakat bunun as\u0131l tahrip i\u00e7in olan
\nk\u0131ymetini ise \u0130sve\u00e7li Alfred B.Nobel ke\u015ffetti. Nobel, trinitro gliserinle topra\u011f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131rarak silindir bi\u00e7imine
\nsokmu\u015f ve dinamiti meydana getirmi\u015ftir. 1875 y\u0131l\u0131nda da Nobel, bulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 ilerleterek tahrip edici
\njelatini elde etti.<\/p>\n

TNT (trinitro toluen) 1863 y\u0131l\u0131nda Alman kimy\u00e2geri J. Wilbrand<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan bulunmu\u015f ve Birinci D\u00fcny\u00e2
\nSava\u015f\u0131ndan biraz \u00f6nce sil\u00e2h ceph\u00e2nelerinde kullan\u0131lan nitrik asidin yerini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. RDX [siklotrimetilen
\ntrinitramin (C3H6N6O6)] 1899\u2019dan, PETN [(Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (C3H8N4O12)] de 1920\u2019den
\n\u00eetib\u00e2ren bilinmektedir. Fakat hassas ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc patlay\u0131c\u0131lara ihtiya\u00e7 duyuldu\u011fu \u0130kinci D\u00fcny\u00e2 Sava\u015f\u0131na
\nkadar bu silahlar kullan\u0131lmamaktayd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Patlay\u0131c\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitleri:<\/h2>\n

Genel olarak patlay\u0131c\u0131lar tahrip edici patlay\u0131c\u0131lar, ate\u015flemeye yarayan patlay\u0131c\u0131lar,
\nasker\u00ee patlay\u0131c\u0131lar ve f\u0131rlat\u0131c\u0131 yak\u0131t h\u00e2linde olan patlay\u0131c\u0131lar olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rlar.
\nTahrip edici patlay\u0131c\u0131lar: Bu \u00e7e\u015fit patlay\u0131c\u0131lar k\u00f6m\u00fcr ocaklar\u0131nda, in\u015faatlarda ve t\u00fcnel a\u00e7malarda
\nkullan\u0131l\u0131r. Tahrip edici patlay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n en iyilerinden biri olan ve gran\u00fcler bir madde olan dinamit, temel
\nolarak nitrogliserin (NG), amonyum nitrat (AN), sodyum nitrat ve tala\u015f tozunun silindir kutular i\u00e7inde
\nyerle\u015ftirilmesinden ib\u00e2rettir. \u0130stenilen g\u00fcce g\u00f6re kullan\u0131lan malzemelerin miktarlar\u0131 ve oranlar\u0131
\nde\u011fi\u015ftirilebilir.<\/p>\n

Jelatin dinamiti granit t\u00fcnelleri a\u00e7mak, yeralt\u0131 metal m\u00e2dencili\u011finde kullan\u0131lmak ve su alt\u0131nda tahribat
\nyapmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131rlar. Bu \u00e7e\u015fit dinamit y\u00fcksek g\u00fc\u00e7te bir patlay\u0131c\u0131 olup, nitrosel\u00fclozla jelatinlenmi\u015f %
\n25-50 nitrogliserin ihtiv\u00e2 ederler.<\/p>\n

Amonyum nitrat\u0131 fazla olan ve i\u00e7inde biraz sodyum klor\u00fcr veya sodyum karbonat bulunan dinamit, az
\nalev \u00e7\u0131kartt\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131, metan (grizu) patlamalar\u0131na sebep olmaz ve bu y\u00fczden k\u00f6m\u00fcr ocaklar\u0131nda
\nemin bir \u015fekilde kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Amonyum nitrat (AN) ihtiv\u00e2 eden patlay\u0131c\u0131lar ucuz ve emin olduklar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 in\u015faatlarda ve y\u00fczey
\nm\u00e2den ocaklar\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bunlardan ba\u015fka bir de ANFO patlay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Bunlar % 95 amonyum
\nnitrat ile % 5 fuel oil kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndan meydana gelirler. Kayalarda a\u00e7\u0131lan deliklere ak\u0131t\u0131larak kolayca
\nyerle\u015ftirildi\u011finden dolay\u0131 ta\u015f ocaklar\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Detonat\u00f6rler (ate\u015flemeye yarayan patlay\u0131c\u0131lar): Detonat\u00f6r patlay\u0131c\u0131lar, hass\u00e2siyeti d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck
\npatlay\u0131c\u0131larla yak\u0131t patlay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ate\u015flemek maksad\u0131yla kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Hassas patlay\u0131c\u0131lar olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in ufak
\nbir s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma ile derhal ate\u015f al\u0131rlar. Detonat\u00f6r olarak 1930 senesinden beri kur\u015fun asit (PbN6)
\nkullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. C\u0131va fulminat (Hg (ONC)2) da detonat\u00f6r olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Modern detonat\u00f6rler 5-8 cm
\n\u00e7ap\u0131nda bronz kaps\u00fcllere yerle\u015ftirilen kur\u015fun asitle yap\u0131l\u0131r. Kur\u015fun asit ate\u015flenince ikinci bir detonat\u00f6r
\nb\u00f6lgeyi tetikler. Bu b\u00f6lgede bulunan bir gr civ\u00e2r\u0131ndaki PETN, RDX veya tetril ise as\u0131l patlay\u0131c\u0131y\u0131 ate\u015fler.
\nTabanca ve t\u00fcfek mermi detonat\u00f6rleri kalsiyum silsit tetrasin veya baryum nitrat, kur\u015fun stifnat ihtiv\u00e2
\neder.<\/p>\n

Asker\u00ee patlay\u0131c\u0131lar:<\/h2>\n

Asker\u00ee maksatla yap\u0131lan patlay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n fizik\u00ee ve kimyev\u00ee olarak uzun zaman a\u015f\u0131r\u0131
\ns\u0131cakta durmaya dayan\u0131kl\u0131 olmalar\u0131, \u00e7evrelerine bomba d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde bundan etkilenmemeleri l\u00e2z\u0131md\u0131r.
\nAyr\u0131ca sava\u015f zaman\u0131nda s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 \u00e7ekilmemesi i\u00e7in bu patlay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n hammaddelerinin de bol olmalar\u0131
\ngereklidir. En iyi asker\u00ee patlay\u0131c\u0131 bir trinitro toluen olan TNT\u2019dir. Asker\u00ee patlay\u0131c\u0131lardan olan pentolit (%
\n50 PETN, % 50 TNT) bazukalarda; amotol (% 50 amonyum nitrat, % 50 TNT) u\u00e7aktan at\u0131lan
\nbombalarda; tritonal (% 80 TNT, % 20 al\u00fcminyum) torpidolarda kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

F\u0131rlat\u0131c\u0131 yak\u0131t patlay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131: Bu patlay\u0131c\u0131lar mermi ve roketleri hedefe ula\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131rlar. Di\u011fer
\npatlay\u0131c\u0131 tiplerinin aksine bu patlay\u0131c\u0131lar infil\u00e2k etmezler. Bol miktarda gaz \u00fcretirler.
\nModern tabanca f\u0131rlat\u0131c\u0131, yak\u0131t\u0131 dumans\u0131z bir maddedir. Bu, etil eter ve etil alkol kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 nitrosel\u00fcloz
\nihtiv\u00e2 eder. U\u00e7ak ceph\u00e2neliklerinde ve uzun menzilli balistik f\u00fczelerde kat\u0131 roket, f\u0131rlat\u0131c\u0131 yak\u0131t\u0131 bulunur.
\nKat\u0131 yak\u0131t\u0131n temel form\u00fcl\u00fc % 14 pudra al\u00fcminyum, % 60 al\u00fcminyum perklorat, % 25 b\u00fctadiyen
\nakilonitril kopolimer veya poli \u00fcretan ve% 1 de yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Di\u011fer patlay\u0131c\u0131lar: Patlay\u0131c\u0131lar \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli maksatlar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131rlar. Bunlardan petrol yataklar\u0131n\u0131
\npar\u00e7alamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lanlar\u0131, f\u00fczelerin yak\u0131t kademelerini birbirinden ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in, etraf\u0131 kur\u015fun kapl\u0131
\n\u015feritler h\u00e2linde olanlar\u0131 ve belli kal\u0131plara g\u00f6re metallere \u015fekil vermek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lanlar\u0131 da vard\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca
\nal\u00fcminyum ve demir gibi birbirine kaynak edilemeyen metaller de patlama metodlar\u0131 ile birle\u015ftirilirler.
\nDetonasyon (infil\u00e2k): Y\u00fcksek enerjili bir birle\u015fim keskin bir yerde patlad\u0131ktan sonra, \u00e7evreye
\ns\u00fcpersonik \u015fok dalgalar\u0131 yayar. Bu i\u015fleme detonasyon denir. Detonasyondaki kimyev\u00ee olaylar, yanma
\nolay\u0131ndakiyle hemen hemen ayn\u0131d\u0131rlar. Fakat fizik\u00ee olarak birka\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fiklik vard\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131cas\u0131
\nnakledilmelerindedir. Yanmada k\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131m \u00e7ok yava\u015f hareket etti\u011fi halde detonasyonda bu, saniyede
\n8000 m ile yol alan \u015fok dalgalar\u0131 h\u00e2linde nakledilir.<\/p>\n

Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7tan sonra detonasyondan meydana gelen bu \u015fok dalgalar\u0131, belli bir h\u0131za eri\u015fene kadar yol
\nal\u0131rlar. Patlay\u0131c\u0131 maddeden o kadar \u00e7abuk ge\u00e7er ki, bu reaksiyon s\u00e2niyenin birka\u00e7 milyonda birinde
\ntamamlanm\u0131\u015f olur.<\/p>\n

Detonasyon dalgas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fc art\u0131 bas\u0131n\u00e7, arkas\u0131 ise eksi bas\u0131n\u00e7 b\u00f6lgesidir. Patlamadan sonra b\u00f6lgede
\n\u00f6nce art\u0131 bas\u0131n\u00e7 sebebiyle hava itilmesi, sonra da eksi bas\u0131n\u00e7 sebebiyle hava emilmesi olur. Bu
\ny\u00fczden patlaman\u0131n oldu\u011fu yerlerde \u00e7o\u011fu zaman bin\u00e2lar\u0131n pencere camlar\u0131 i\u00e7eriye de\u011fil de d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya
\nk\u0131r\u0131larak d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Patlay\u0131c\u0131 Maddeler ani bir reaksiyon vererek \u0131s\u0131 ve gaz\u00a0a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131karan maddelerdir. Patlay\u0131c\u0131lar genellikle, tahrip edici ve asker\u00ee maksatlar i\u00e7in, ayn\u0131 zamanda\u00a0rokete patlama enerjisi ile\u00a0h\u0131z veren yak\u0131t olarak da kullan\u0131l\u0131rlar. Kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[345],"tags":[1045,341,2253],"class_list":["post-3570","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-askeri","tag-bomba","tag-patlayici","tag-patlayici-maddeler"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3570"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3570"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3570\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6412,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3570\/revisions\/6412"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3570"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3570"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3570"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}