Petrol toprak alt\u0131nda, daha \u00e7ok derinliklerde bulunan organik men\u015feli az ak\u0131\u015fkan, koyu renkli, alev al\u0131c\u0131, s\u0131v\u0131 yak\u0131tt\u0131r. Petrol, hidrojen, karbon, k\u00fck\u00fcrt, azot ve oksijen ihtiva eden organik bile\u015fiklerin bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en ge\u00e7erli ve en \u00e7ok kullan\u0131lan\u00a0 yak\u0131t t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. Ba\u015fta otomotiv sekt\u00f6r\u00fc olmak \u00fczere bir \u00e7ok end\u00fcstri kolu petrolden yararlanmaktad\u0131r ve petrole ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde do\u011fal gaz ve ya\u011f s\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 halinde \u00e7\u0131kan petrolden ilk defa faydalanan S\u00fcmerler, daha sonra Asurlular ve Babilliler oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir. 4-5 bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce, F\u0131rat Irma\u011f\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda bulunan Tuttut (Hit, Irak), zaman\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca asfalt \u00fcretim\u00a0 merkezlerindendi. Buradaki s\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131lardan toplanan ham petrol ve asfalt \u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fik gayelerle kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu. Eski M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar\u0131n deri ve m\u00fcshil ilac\u0131 olarak s\u0131v\u0131 petrolden faydaland\u0131klar\u0131 san\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Persler (\u0130ranl\u0131lar) M.\u00d6 480\u2019deki Atina ku\u015fatmas\u0131nda u\u00e7lar\u0131 s\u0131v\u0131 petrole bat\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f lifli oklar kulland\u0131klar\u0131 bilinmektedir. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n \u0130spanya\u2019y\u0131 feth etmesinden sonra Avrupa\u2019da petrol dam\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olarak ayd\u0131nlatmada kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n
Sanayinin geli\u015fmesiyle enerji alan\u0131nda petrol yava\u015f yava\u015f yerini ald\u0131. Daha bol yeni yeni petrol kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde herkesi harekete ge\u00e7irdi. \u0130lk petrol kuyusu 1859\u2019da ABD\u2019de a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Daha sonra pek\u00e7ok \u00fclkede petrol sanayii h\u0131zla geli\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n hemen ilk ba\u015flar\u0131nda otomobilin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131yla petrol k\u0131ymetli bir enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 durumuna geldi. Petrol\u00fcn bulundu\u011fu b\u00f6lgede, \u00e7e\u015fitli hidrokarbonlar\u0131n kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 olan yan\u0131c\u0131 gaz da bulunur.<\/p>\n
Jeolojistlerin \u00e7o\u011funun g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne g\u00f6re petrol, milyonlarca sene evvel toprak alt\u0131nda kalan bitki ve hayvanlar\u0131n organik maddelerinden meydana gelmi\u015ftir. Petrol ana kaya\u00e7ta meydana geldikten sonra, g\u00f6\u00e7(migrasyon) ederek yerle\u015fme (rezerv) kayac\u0131na gelir. Burada\u00a0 birikir. Petrol\u00fcn rezerv kayac\u0131ndan uzakla\u015fmas\u0131na imkan yoktur. Bu kayac\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fc ge\u00e7irmez tabaka ile \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u0130\u015fte, petrol\u00fcn bulundu\u011fu bu yerlere \u201cpetrol kapan\u0131\u201d ad\u0131 verilir. Petrol kapanlar\u0131, yery\u00fcz\u00fcne birka\u00e7 y\u00fcz metre yak\u0131n olabilecekleri gibi, binlerce metre derinlikte de olabilir. Kapanlar\u0131 aray\u0131p bulmak sondaj m\u00fchendisinin, kuyu a\u00e7acak bir yer tespit etmek, petrol jeologlar\u0131n\u0131n ve jeofizik\u00e7ilerinin g\u00f6revidir.<\/p>\n
Ham petrol birbirinden g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckle ayr\u0131labilen maddeler kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. Ham petrolden; petrol gaz\u0131, gazya\u011f\u0131, benzin, motorin, fuel-oil, ya\u011flama ya\u011flar\u0131, mum ve asfaltik bit\u00fcm gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fcr\u00fcnler elde edilir. Yukar\u0131da ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en \u00fcr\u00fcnler \u00e7o\u011funlukla yaln\u0131zca karbon ve\u00a0 hidrojenden meydana gelmi\u015flerdir ve \u201chidrokarbonlar\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rlar. Di\u011fer mevcut elementler, miktarlar\u0131n\u0131n azl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sebebiyle ihmal edilebilirler. Bunlardan k\u00fck\u00fcrt eser miktarda bulunmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, \u00fcr\u00fcn kalitesi \u00fczerindeki etkisi sebebiyle \u00f6nem arz eder.<\/p>\n
Bug\u00fcn petrol yataklar\u0131n\u0131n miktar\u0131 modern \u00f6l\u00e7me aletleriyle yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Buna ra\u011fmen petrol rezervlerinin miktar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nceden kestirmek zordur. Ancak d\u00fcnya petrol rezervlerinin toplam\u0131n\u0131n 400-500 gigaton (1 Gt= 1 milyar ton) oldu\u011fu tahmin edilmektedir. Buna g\u00f6re d\u00fcnya petrol\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u00fczde 16\u2019s\u0131n\u0131 ABD, y\u00fczde 15\u2019ini Eski Sovyet Cumhuriyetleri, y\u00fczde 11\u2019ini Kuzey Afrika ve Nijerya, y\u00fczde 38\u2019ini \u0130ran K\u00f6rfezi \u00fclkeleri, y\u00fczde 6\u2019s\u0131n\u0131 Venez\u00fcella, geri kalan\u0131n\u0131 da elli be\u015f de\u011fi\u015fik \u00fclke \u00fcretmektedir. ABD\u2019de petrol\u00fcn en \u00e7ok bulundu\u011fu b\u00f6lgeler Do\u011fu Texas, Louisiane, Bat\u0131 Texas, Oklahome ve Kalifornia\u2019d\u0131r. Amerika\u2019da 500.000 petrol kuyusu olup, kuyu ba\u015f\u0131na g\u00fcnl\u00fck \u00fcretim 19, toplam 9.400.000 varildir. ABD\u2019nin 1967 senesinde Alaska\u2019n\u0131n Arctic Okyanusunda buldu\u011fu petrol yataklar\u0131 da olduk\u00e7a zengindir.<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck petrol rezervi Suudi Arabistan\u2019\u0131n Ghawar sahas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu sahan\u0131n boyu 240 km geni\u015fli\u011fi 16 km\u2019dir. Bu b\u00f6lgeye yak\u0131n birka\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck yatak daha vard\u0131r. \u0130ran K\u00f6rfezi petrol yataklar\u0131 ile birle\u015fik gibidirler. Bu b\u00f6lgelerde toplam 300 kuyu mevcut olup, g\u00fcnde 5500 varil petrol \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r. Kuveyt petrol rezervi ise toplam 73 milyar varildir. \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck petrol yataklar\u0131 Marun, Aghe Jari, Saran ve Ehvaz b\u00f6lgelerinde yer al\u0131r. Irak\u2019\u0131n toplam petrol rezervi 34 milyar varil civar\u0131ndad\u0131r. Di\u011fer petrol b\u00f6lgelerinden Libya\u2019n\u0131n rezerv miktar\u0131 ise 21 milyar varili bulmaktad\u0131r. Petrol, Kuzey Avrupa \u00fclkeleri taraf\u0131ndan Kuzey Denizinde de \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kuzey Denizinde 30 milyar varil petrol rezervi vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Petrol toprak alt\u0131nda, daha \u00e7ok derinliklerde bulunan organik men\u015feli az ak\u0131\u015fkan, koyu renkli, alev al\u0131c\u0131, s\u0131v\u0131 yak\u0131tt\u0131r. Petrol, hidrojen, karbon, k\u00fck\u00fcrt, azot ve oksijen ihtiva eden organik bile\u015fiklerin bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r….<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10150,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[317,19],"tags":[1634,1633],"class_list":["post-3583","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-is-dunyasi","category-otomobil","tag-dogal-gaz","tag-petrol"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3583"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3583"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3583\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10151,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3583\/revisions\/10151"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/10150"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3583"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3583"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3583"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}