Referendum. Siy\u00e2s\u00ee iktidar\u00a0taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanmakta olan bir k\u00e2nunun veya bir karar\u0131n kabul edilip edilmemesine halk\u0131n kat\u0131lmas\u0131\u00a0\u015fekli. Halk oyuna ba\u015fvurmakt\u0131r. Halk\u0131n y\u00f6netime kat\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00e2z\u0131 y\u00f6netimlerde, halk\u0131n y\u00f6netime\u00a0kat\u0131lmas\u0131 do\u011frudan do\u011fruya, belirli zamanlarda siy\u00e2s\u00ee ve id\u00e2r\u00ee kararlara kat\u0131lmak \u00fczere genel kurul\u00a0h\u00e2linde toplanmas\u0131 \u015feklinde olur. Buna do\u011frudan demokrasi denir.<\/p>\n
Eski \u00e7a\u011f sitelerinde vatanda\u015fl\u0131k\u00a0hakk\u0131na s\u00e2hip bir k\u0131s\u0131m halk, ger\u00e7ek bir h\u00fck\u00fcmet ve yasama organ\u0131 gibi toplan\u0131rd\u0131. Bug\u00fcn ise b\u00e2z\u0131\u00a0\u0130svi\u00e7re kantonlar\u0131nda ve bir k\u0131s\u0131m Amerikan kominlerinde, y\u0131lda bir def\u00e2 toplanan halk genel kurulunun\u00a0g\u00f6revi, s\u00e2dece y\u00f6neticileri denetlemek ve tekliflerini bildirmektir.<\/p>\n
Do\u011frudan demokrasinin fiilen uygulanmas\u0131ndaki g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fck sebebiyle tems\u00eel\u00ee demokrasi sistemine Haz\u0131rlanmakta olan bir k\u00e2nunun kab\u00fbl\u00fcne veya bir k\u00e2nun teklifine halk\u0131n kat\u0131lmas\u0131 iki \u015fekilde olur:<\/p>\n Meclisin haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu k\u00e2nun, y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmeden \u00f6nce halka sunulur. Se\u00e7menler, haz\u0131rlad\u0131klar\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ilk def\u00e2 referanduma, 1960 Anayasas\u0131n\u0131n kab\u00fbl\u00fc s\u0131ras\u0131nda ba\u015fvurulmu\u015ftur. Kat\u0131lan K\u00e2nunlar\u0131n halk\u0131n referandumuna sunulmas\u0131 us\u00fbl\u00fc ABD ve \u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019de temel bir prensip olarak kabul t\u00fcrkiye’de\u00a0ilk referandum\u00a0ne zaman yap\u0131ld\u0131 Referendum. Siy\u00e2s\u00ee iktidar\u00a0taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanmakta olan bir k\u00e2nunun veya bir karar\u0131n kabul edilip edilmemesine halk\u0131n kat\u0131lmas\u0131\u00a0\u015fekli. Halk oyuna ba\u015fvurmakt\u0131r. Halk\u0131n y\u00f6netime kat\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00e2z\u0131 y\u00f6netimlerde, halk\u0131n y\u00f6netime\u00a0kat\u0131lmas\u0131 do\u011frudan…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[2233,2234,1026],"class_list":["post-3633","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-toplum","tag-halk-oylamasi","tag-halkoyu","tag-referandum"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3633"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3633"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3633\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12126,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3633\/revisions\/12126"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3633"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3633"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3633"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\ngidilmi\u015ftir. Bu sistemin de mahzurlar\u0131n\u0131 gidermek ve do\u011frudan demokrasi sistemine yakla\u015fmak i\u00e7in,
\nyar\u0131 do\u011frudan demokrasi sistemine gidilmi\u015ftir. Referandum bunlardan birisidir. Yar\u0131 do\u011frudan
\ndemokrasi denilen, halk\u0131n y\u00f6netime kat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n bu \u015feklinde ise; se\u00e7menlerin g\u00f6revi, s\u00e2dece
\ntemsilciler se\u00e7mek de\u011fildir. Se\u00e7menler, gerek anayasa<\/a> yapma ve gerekse yasama yetkisine oylar\u0131yla
\nkat\u0131l\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n\n
\nbir dilek\u00e7e ile k\u00e2nunun kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yeterli say\u0131da imz\u00e2 toplayabilirse, k\u00e2nunun tasdiki veya y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten
\nkald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 hus\u00fbsunda halk\u0131n reyine ba\u015fvurulur. Kar\u015f\u0131 oylar yetersiz kal\u0131rsa k\u00e2nun, referandumla
\ntasdiklenmi\u015f say\u0131l\u0131r. Kar\u015f\u0131 oylar fazla gelirse, k\u00e2nun y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kalkm\u0131\u015f olur. 1789 Frans\u0131z ihtil\u00e2li
\nsonucu Fransa\u2019da uygulanan bu sistem, bug\u00fcn b\u00e2z\u0131 Amerikan ey\u00e2let anayasalar\u0131nda yer al\u0131r. Buna
\nhalk\u0131n tasdiki veya halk vetosu denir. B\u00e2zan da, Alman Velmar Anayasas\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi; devlet
\nba\u015fkan\u0131 dilerse, her hangi bir k\u00e2nunu tasdik etmeden \u00f6nce, bir def\u00e2 da halk\u0131n oyuna gerek duyabilir.
\nAnayasalar\u0131n, yeni haz\u0131rlanmalar\u0131ndan sonra veya \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fikliklerde referandumla halk\u0131n oyuna
\nba\u015fvurulur. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de, Fransa\u2019da ve \u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019de yeni anayasalar\u0131n kab\u00fbl\u00fc bu \u015fekilde olmu\u015ftur. Buna Anayasa Referandumu denir.<\/p>\n
\nse\u00e7menlerin % 62\u2019si evet, % 38\u2019i hay\u0131r \u015feklinde oy kullanarak; \u201cKurucu Meclis\u201din haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Anayasay\u0131
\nkabul etmi\u015f oldu. 1982 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki, \u201cDan\u0131\u015fma Meclisi\u201d taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan Anayasan\u0131n referandumunda
\nise, kabul oylar\u0131 % 91\u2019i ge\u00e7ti. Red ise % 9 idi. Yeni anayasa ittifaka yak\u0131n bir \u00e7o\u011funlukla kabul edilmi\u015f
\nve se\u00e7menlerin tasvibini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\nedilmi\u015ftir. Bug\u00fcne kadar referanduma sunulmu\u015f d\u00fcny\u00e2 anayasalar\u0131 i\u00e7inde s\u00e2dece 1946 Frans\u0131z
\nAnayasas\u0131 halk taraf\u0131ndan birinci oylamada reddedilmi\u015ftir. Bu anayasa ikinci referandumda kabul
\nedilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"