{"id":3664,"date":"2015-03-02T04:32:41","date_gmt":"2015-03-02T02:32:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=3664"},"modified":"2017-02-08T22:56:25","modified_gmt":"2017-02-08T20:56:25","slug":"saati-kim-buldu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=3664","title":{"rendered":"Saati kim buldu"},"content":{"rendered":"

Saati kim icat etti.<\/strong> Yap\u0131lan bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara g\u00f6re saatin icad\u0131na<\/em> ili\u015fkin ilk kan\u0131t, M.\u00d6. 4000 li y\u0131llarda M\u0131s\u0131r’da kullan\u0131lan g\u00fcne\u015f saati<\/em> olmu\u015ftur. \u0130lk saat g\u00fcne\u015fin dik duran bir cisimde meydana getirdi\u011fi g\u00f6lgenin boyu esas al\u0131narak yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Londra\u2019daki m\u00fczede Kleopatra\u2019ya ait oldu\u011fu bilinen bir g\u00fcne\u015f saati sergilenmektedir. G\u00fcne\u015f saati<\/strong>, gece zaman\u0131 g\u00f6steremedi\u011fi i\u00e7in bunun yan\u0131nda su veya kum saatleri de icat edilmi\u015ftir. Kum saati, iki hazneli olup, iki hazneyi birle\u015ftiren ince delikten kum ak\u0131\u015f h\u0131z\u0131 prensip al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Su saati<\/strong> Eski M\u0131s\u0131r’da M.\u00d6. 1500’lerde, \u00c7in’de I\u00d6 6. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, Eski Yunanlarda M.\u00d6. 3.y\u00fczy\u0131lda kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Mekanik saat \u00c7in’de geli\u015ftirildi, su g\u00fcc\u00fcyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan mekanizmas\u0131 olan saat M.S. 723’te yap\u0131ld\u0131. Su Sung’un saat \u00fcreten binas\u0131 1096’dan 1126’ya kadar \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131, Kubilay taraf\u0131ndan Beijing’e ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131. Harun Re\u015fid, Charlemagne’a hediye saat g\u00f6ndermi\u015f, Arap m\u00fchendisler Ispanya’da Ay’\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gelgitierle dolup bo\u015falan suyla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan saatler yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Dante P aradiso’ da saatten s\u00f6z eder ve Londra’da St. Paul’da 1286’da, Milano’da 1309’da saat bulundu\u011funa dair kay\u0131tlar vard\u0131r. Fakat Dondi’nin II Tractus Astarii risalesi (1364) saat\u00e7ilikle ilgili en eski ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 anlat\u0131md\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Avrupa’da ilk saat<\/strong> basit\u00e7e saat ba\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 vuran bir \u00e7and\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcr bir makine 1386’da yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve Salisbury Katedrali’nde halen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Sonraki modellerin kadranlar\u0131 vard\u0131r, yaln\u0131z saatleri de\u011fil, ay\u0131n hallerini, gezegenlerin ge\u00e7i\u015flerini hatta aziz ve festivallerin g\u00fcnlerini de g\u00f6sterirler. En g\u00fczel \u00f6rnekleri Milano (1335), Strasburg (1354), Lund (1380), Rouen (1389), Wells (1392) ve Prag’da (1462) g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zellikle g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00fcvenilmeyen kuzey \u00fclkelerinde saat \u00e7ok \u00e7ekiciydi. B\u00fct\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fck katedrallerler, \u015fehir meydanlar\u0131, kap\u0131 ve manast\u0131rlara saat konulmu\u015ftu. Saatlerin sabit s\u00fcreli oldu\u011fu g\u00fcn\u00fc 24 e\u015fit par\u00e7aya b\u00f6len saat, g\u00fcnl\u00fck zaman kullan\u0131m\u0131nda devrim yapt\u0131. \u0130nsanlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu g\u00fcn do\u011fumu ve bat\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re ya\u015f\u0131yordu. Saat sisteminin bilindi\u011fi yerlerde saatler mevsimlere ve \u00fclkelere g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fkendi. G\u00fcnd\u00fczlerin “d\u00fcnyevi saatleri”, hem “gece saatleri”nden hem de kilisenin dua saatlerine g\u00f6re b\u00f6l\u00fcmlere ayr\u0131lan “dinsel saat”ten farkl\u0131yd\u0131. S\u0131radan insanlar sabit g\u00fcnl\u00fck rutin ve e\u015fit saat fikrini orta\u00e7a\u011f ke\u015fi\u015flerinden ald\u0131lar. Manast\u0131r disiplininde geli\u015ftirilen bu saatler, daha sonraki \u015fehir ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n ve sanayi disiplininin normlar\u0131na \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti. Saat g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc toplumsalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 etkisiyle “totaliter g\u00f6rev efendisi”dir.<\/p>\n

Saat\u00e7ili\u011fin geli\u015fiminde k\u00f6\u015fe ta\u015flar\u0131, 15. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ev saatlerinin, 16. y\u00fczy\u0131lda k\u00f6\u015fe saatlerinin yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclme, g\u00fcvenilirli\u011fi fazlas\u0131yla art\u0131ran sarka\u00e7 (1657), denizlerde hep sorun olan mesafe \u00f6l\u00e7me konusuna \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm getiren deniz kronometresi (1761) ve anatars\u0131z mekanizman\u0131n (1823) icad\u0131d\u0131r. Zaman \u00f6l\u00e7menin son dura\u011f\u0131, \u00fc\u00e7 bin y\u0131lda 1 saniyeye kadar do\u011fru olan atomik saatin Britanya Ulusal Fizik Laboratuvar\u0131’nda 1955’te yap\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Y\u00fczy\u0131llar i\u00e7inde saat\u00e7ilik fazlas\u0131yla uzmanl\u0131k gerektiren bir zanaatten, seri \u00fcretimi yap\u0131lan bir sanayiye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u0130lk merkezler N\u00fcrnberg ve Augsburg’la Paris ve Blois’yd\u0131. \u0130svi\u00e7re Huguenot i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011finden yararland\u0131. 17. ve 18. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda \u0130ngiltere \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck sa\u011flad\u0131. Fransa kutu tasar\u0131m\u0131 ve s\u00fcsl\u00fc saatlerle ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 bir yer edindi. Kara orman ah\u015fap guguk ku\u015fu saatleriyle uzmanla\u015ft\u0131. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Cenevre ve Jura’daki Chaux-les-Fonds’da saat end\u00fcstrileri y\u00fcksek kaliteli, makineyle yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f saatleriyle d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda \u00fcn kazand\u0131.<\/p>\n

Saat\u00e7ilik mesle\u011fi eski anahtarc\u0131 ve kuyumcu loncalar\u0131ndan geli\u015fti. \u00fcnl\u00fc adlar aras\u0131nda ilk saat yap\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Jacque de la Garde (1551), sarka\u00e7 ve yay dengesinin mucidi Den Haag’l\u0131 Christian Huygens (1629-1776), deniz kronometresinin ustalar\u0131 John Arnold, Thomas Earnshaw ve John Harrison (1693-1776), Versailles saat\u00e7isi, kendi kendine kurulan saat mucidi Abraham-Louis Breguet (1747-1823) ve Big Ben’in tasar\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Edward John Dent (1790-1853) say\u0131labilir. Var\u015foval\u0131 Antoni Patek ile Bern’li Adrienne Philippe 1832’de g\u00fc\u00e7lerini birle\u015ftirip bug\u00fcn de \u0130svi\u00e7re’de \u00f6nde gelen Patek-Philippe firmas\u0131n\u0131 kurmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Fatih Sultan Mehmet, 1477’de Venedik’ten mekanik saat yapan ustalar istemi\u015fti. 1575’te \u0130stanbul rasathanesi kurucusu Takiy\u00fcddin Efendi mekanik saat kitab\u0131 da yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Topkap\u0131 Saray\u0131’nda 17. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan 20. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar olan d\u00f6neme ait yerli saat say\u0131s\u0131 elliyi bulmaz ama Saray’da 16. y\u00fczy\u0131la ait olanlardan ba\u015flayarak Avrupa saatleri vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Evliya \u00c7elebi saat\u00e7ilerin pirinin zindanda ibadet etmek i\u00e7in saati icat eden Yusuf oldu\u011funu yazar. Saat\u00e7iler k\u0131rk be\u015f d\u00fckkan, bin neferdir ama “ni\u00e7e y\u00fczi hanelerinde i\u015flerler”; saat\u00e7ilik i\u00e7in “yetmi\u015f marifet” bilmek gerekir ve d\u00fckkanlar\u0131n\u0131 Almanya, \u0130spanya, Fransa, Canpetro, Kasper, B\u00fclb\u00fcl ve Yusuf \u00c7elebi saatleri ile “zeyn id\u00fcp ubur ederler”. \u00dc\u00e7 t\u00fcr\u00fc olan savatl\u0131 saatler, hilali saatler, ustas\u0131 Piryol’un ad\u0131yla an\u0131lm\u0131\u015f koyun saatleri, lokomotifli Serkisoflar, Abd\u00fclhamid devrinde \u015fehirlere medeniyet geldi\u011fini simgeleyen saat kuleleri ve cep saatleri yerlerini yeni modalara b\u0131rakt\u0131. 1926’da ezani saat yerine “G\u00fcn\u00fcn 24 Saate Taksimine Dair Kanun”la kabul edilen Greenwich saatinden sonra, saati “kala”ge\u00e7e” yerine rakamlarla ifade eden dijital saatler devri geldi. Ve \u00fclkemizde 1984’ten beri ola\u011fanla\u015fan yaz saati uygulamalar\u0131 s\u00fcrerken, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her yerinden insanlarla konu\u015fmak i\u00e7in “internet saati” icat edildi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Saati kim icat etti. Yap\u0131lan bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara g\u00f6re saatin icad\u0131na ili\u015fkin ilk kan\u0131t, M.\u00d6. 4000 li y\u0131llarda M\u0131s\u0131r’da kullan\u0131lan g\u00fcne\u015f saati olmu\u015ftur. \u0130lk saat g\u00fcne\u015fin dik duran bir cisimde meydana…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8433,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[20,1],"tags":[765,1811,708,1567,1810],"class_list":["post-3664","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ev","category-teknoloji","tag-gunes-saati","tag-kum-saati","tag-saat","tag-saati-kim-icat-etti","tag-su-saati"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3664"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3664"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3664\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5129,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3664\/revisions\/5129"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/8433"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3664"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3664"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3664"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}