{"id":376,"date":"2010-12-25T21:58:50","date_gmt":"2010-12-25T19:58:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=376"},"modified":"2018-05-07T15:03:24","modified_gmt":"2018-05-07T13:03:24","slug":"kahvehaneyi-kim-buldu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=376","title":{"rendered":"\u0130lk kahvehaneyi kim a\u00e7t\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0130lk kahvehane nerede ne zaman a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131<\/h2>\n

\u0130lk kahvehane, 1554 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u015eam’dan gelen Hakim ve Cem adl\u0131 iki tacir taraf\u0131ndan \u0130stanbul’da a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Daha sonra say\u0131lar\u0131 h\u0131zla artt\u0131. Bu kahvehanelere, “ayd\u0131nlar okulu” anlam\u0131nda “mekteb-i irfan” deniliyordu.<\/p>\n

S\u00fctle birlikte i\u00e7ilen kahve<\/a> servisi yapan ilk kahvehaneyi ise, 1683 y\u0131l\u0131nda Polonyal\u0131 gezgin Franz Georg Kolshitsky Viyana’da a\u00e7t\u0131. Viyana usul\u00fc kahve denilen ve yaln\u0131zca ha\u015flanm\u0131\u015f kahve suyundan olu\u015fan telvesiz kahvenin mucidi de odur.<\/p>\n

Kahvehane<\/b> veya k\u0131raathane<\/b>; kahve ve \u00e7ay yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00e7e\u015fitli me\u015frubatlar\u0131n ve nargile gibi t\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin servis yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, masa oyunlar\u0131n\u0131n oynand\u0131\u011f\u0131, sohbet edilen ve yine bir\u00e7ok farkl\u0131 aktivitenin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 mek\u00e2n. Kafeteryalardan ve barlardan farkl\u0131 olarak genellikle yemek servisi yap\u0131lmaz ve alkoll\u00fc i\u00e7eceklere a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak yer verilmez. \u00d6zellikle M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar aras\u0131nda\u00a0kahvehaneler olduk\u00e7a yayg\u0131nd\u0131r. XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan beri, kahvehane Orta Do\u011fu \u00fclkelerinde erkeklerin topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 kahve gibi i\u00e7ecekler t\u00fcketti\u011fi, sohbet etti\u011fi, kitap okudu\u011fu ve \u00e7e\u015fitli masa oyunlar\u0131 oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda gelir.<\/p>\n

\u00d6nceleri Habe\u015fistan’da, sonra Yemen’de yeti\u015fen ilk kahve bitkilerinin Osmanl\u0131’ya gelmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarih XIV. y\u00fczy\u0131ld\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1550’lerde de \u0130stanbul’da ilk kahvehane a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131 ve k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede yak\u0131n ve uzak \u00fclkelere yay\u0131ld\u0131. 17. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, kahvehane Osmanl\u0131 Devleti s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, Avrupa’da g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015fland\u0131 ve k\u0131sa zamanda pop\u00fcler oldu.<\/p>\n

K\u0131sa zaman i\u00e7erisinde kahvehane say\u0131s\u0131 h\u0131zla artt\u0131, t\u00fcrk kahvesi<\/a> i\u00e7mek ve yarenlik etmek amac\u0131yla buralarda toplanan muhtelif z\u00fcmrelerden ve de\u011fi\u015fik k\u00fclt\u00fcr seviyelerinden insanlar, \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 geli\u015fen bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrel birikim ortam\u0131, sosyalle\u015fme mek\u00e2n\u0131, siyas\u00ee iktidar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda seslerini duyurabildikleri bir kamusal alan meydana getirdiler.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 geleneksel toplum k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc \u015fekillendiren saray, medrese ve cami d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, \u201csivil\u201d bir anlay\u0131\u015fla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan kahvehane, XVI. ve XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131llar\u0131n \u0130stanbul\u2019unda, pek s\u0131k rastlanmayan bir tepkiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131. \u2018Miskinlerin bulu\u015fma mek\u00e2n\u0131 ve fitne yuvas\u0131\u2019 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen kahvehane, ba\u015fta iktidar olmak \u00fczere toplumun \u00e7e\u015fitli kesimlerinin tepkisini \u00e7ekti.<\/p>\n

1567 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015fta Suri\u00e7i \u0130stanbul olmak \u00fczere \u0130stanbul\u2019daki b\u00fct\u00fcn kahvehaneler kapat\u0131ld\u0131. Hatta IV. Murat, bu gerek\u00e7elerle kahvehaneleri top yek\u00fbn kapatmaya y\u00f6nelik \u015fiddetli ve kapsaml\u0131 giri\u015fimlerde bulundu. Sadece Ey\u00fcp ve \u00e7evresinde 120 kahvehane kapat\u0131ld\u0131. XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda ve XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda \u2018tehlikeli yerler\u2019 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen kahvehaneler \u2018k\u00fclliyen\u2019 kapat\u0131l\u0131rken XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan itibaren otorite, \u2018tehlikeyi\u2019 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in toptan kapatmak ve y\u0131kmak yerine, yekdi\u011ferlerine \u2018ibret olsun\u2019 bab\u0131nda tek tek baz\u0131 kahvehaneleri kapatarak bir t\u00fcr y\u0131ld\u0131rma siyaseti takip etti.<\/p>\n

Ancak kahvehanelerin say\u0131s\u0131 g\u00fcnden g\u00fcne artmaya devam etti. Kanuni Sultan S\u00fcleyman\u2019\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n son d\u00f6nemlerinde \u0130stanbul\u2019da 50 kahvehane bulundu\u011fu belirtilirken, bu say\u0131, XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonunda alt\u0131 y\u00fcze ula\u015ft\u0131. XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda ise 2.500\u2019lere kadar \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Hem say\u0131 olarak, hem de itibar olarak kahvehanelerin \u00f6nemi artt\u0131. 18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda yeni\u00e7eriler toplum hayat\u0131n\u0131n her alan\u0131na m\u00fcdahale etmekteydi. Zorba olarak bilinen baz\u0131 yeni\u00e7eri \u00fcyeleri \u00e7eteler kurdular. Ba\u011fl\u0131 bulunduklar\u0131 ortalardan \u00fcyeler toplayan zorbalar, kahvehaneler sat\u0131n alarak \u00e7etelerinin “mafya mekan\u0131” olarak kulland\u0131lar. \u0130\u015flerini buradan y\u00f6nettiler. Bu zorbalardan baz\u0131lar\u0131 l\u00fcks kahvehaneler kurmakla nam salm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu zenginli\u011fin kayna\u011f\u0131 kanun d\u0131\u015f\u0131 toplad\u0131klar\u0131 paralard\u0131.\u00a0D\u00f6nemin kahvehane sahibi \u00fcnl\u00fc zorbalar\u0131ndan: Kahvecio\u011flu Burunsuz Mustafa Kuledibi Kahvehanesi’ne, Dar\u0131cal\u0131 \u0130brahim \u00c7avu\u015f Hendek Kahvehanesi’ne, Galatal\u0131 H\u00fcseyin A\u011fa \u00c7ardak \u0130skelesi Kahvehanesi’ne, Tiflisli Ali Toygar Tepesi Kahvehanesi’ne sahipti.[6]<\/sup><\/p>\n

Kahvehane zaman i\u00e7erisinde mevcut k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve toplumsal hayat\u0131n i\u00e7erisine d\u00e2hil olmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131. K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn \u00fcretildi\u011fi ve t\u00fcketildi\u011fi bir mek\u00e2n haline geldi. Bir\u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fikliklere u\u011frayarak hayatiyetini devam ettirdi. Her ne kadar sadece erkek sosyalli\u011fini bar\u0131nd\u0131rsa da Osmanl\u0131 \u015fehrindeki kamusal ya\u015fam\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturdu. \u0130lk ba\u015flarda marjinal bir yenilik olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen kahvehane, \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden normalle\u015fti ve toplumun ekonomik, sosyal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layan merkez\u00ee bir konuma geldi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0130lk kahvehane nerede ne zaman a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131 \u0130lk kahvehane, 1554 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u015eam’dan gelen Hakim ve Cem adl\u0131 iki tacir taraf\u0131ndan \u0130stanbul’da a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Daha sonra say\u0131lar\u0131 h\u0131zla artt\u0131. Bu kahvehanelere, “ayd\u0131nlar okulu”…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10519,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[255],"class_list":["post-376","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-eglence","tag-kahvehane"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/376"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=376"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/376\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11540,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/376\/revisions\/11540"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/10519"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=376"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=376"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=376"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}