{"id":3783,"date":"2012-02-25T23:18:46","date_gmt":"2012-02-25T21:18:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=3783"},"modified":"2016-12-25T15:24:22","modified_gmt":"2016-12-25T13:24:22","slug":"superiletkenlik-kim-buldu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=3783","title":{"rendered":"S\u00fcperiletkenli\u011fi kim buldu, kim ke\u015ffetti"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>S\u00fcperiletkenlik<\/strong> baz\u0131 maddelerin \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131klarda elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6sterdikleri diren\u00e7lerini kaybetmesi olay\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin normal bir metale elektrik voltaj\u0131 uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda metalin serbest elektronlar\u0131 elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 bir diren\u00e7 g\u00f6sterirler. Metal, mutlak s\u0131f\u0131r noktas\u0131 yani -273\u00b0C s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na do\u011fru so\u011futuldu\u011funda serbest elektronlar\u0131n direnci azalmakta ve metale has belirli bir ge\u00e7i\u015f s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan sonra metal s\u00fcperiletken haline gelmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Hollandal\u0131 <strong>Kamerlingh Onnes<\/strong> 1911 y\u0131l\u0131nda\u00a0 helyumun s\u0131v\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla elde edilen olduk\u00e7a d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131klarda c\u0131van\u0131n bir s\u00fcperiletken haline geldi\u011fini ve elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 direncinin s\u0131f\u0131r oldu\u011funu tespit etti. Bu bulu\u015fu nedeniyle Nobel Fizik \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc&#8217;ne lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Onnes&#8217;in bu ke\u015ffinden sonra, pek\u00e7ok metal ve ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131n kendilerine has belirli bir kritik ge\u00e7i\u015f s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan sonra s\u00fcperiletken haline geldi\u011fi ve direncin pratik olarak s\u0131f\u0131ra indi\u011fi ke\u015ffedildi.<\/p>\n<p>C\u0131va 4,2 \u00b0K, kur\u015fun 7,2\u00b0K, kalay ise 3,2\u00b0K\u2019da s\u00fcperiletken haline gelmektedir. Suyun donma s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan O\u00b0C\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k 273\u00b0K\u2019n\u0131n\u00a0kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k geldi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcrse bu s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131n \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131klar oldu\u011fu kolayca anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. S\u00fcperiletken elde edilebilecek en y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131k Onnes\u2019in bulu\u015fundan 75 sene sonralara kadar 25\u00b0K (-248\u00b0C) civar\u0131ndayken 1986\u2019da 39\u00b0K (-234\u00b0C) da s\u00fcperiletkenle\u015fen bir madde geli\u015ftirildi.<\/p>\n<p>Baryum-Lantan-Bak\u0131roksit (Bala CuO4) bile\u015fimi olan bu madde kritik ge\u00e7i\u015f s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 25\u00b0K\u2019n\u0131n \u00fczerinde bilinen ilk s\u00fcperiletkendi. Bu bulu\u015f, fizik\u00e7i <strong>Georg Bednorz<\/strong> ve <strong>Alex M\u00fcller<\/strong>\u2019e 1987&#8242; de Nobel Fizik \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc kazand\u0131rd\u0131. Daha sonra bu bile\u015fim esas al\u0131narak geli\u015ftirilen seramik maddelerle kritik s\u0131cakl\u0131k 90\u00b0K\u2019n\u0131n \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. \u00d6nceleri s\u00fcperiletken elde etmek i\u00e7in gerekli d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131k helyumun s\u0131v\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ile sa\u011flan\u0131rken bu geli\u015fmeler neticesinde daha ucuz olan azotun s\u0131v\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla sa\u011flanmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu.<\/p>\n<p>S\u00fcperiletkenler, elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir\u00e7ok teknoloji alan\u0131nda uygulama yeri bulabilir. Enerji kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok az olmas\u0131, devrelerin \u00e7ok daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck hacimlere s\u0131\u011fd\u0131r\u0131labilmesi gibi \u00f6nemli faydalar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 s\u00fcperiletkenler s\u00fcperm\u0131knat\u0131s, s\u00fcpermotor, jenerat\u00f6r, enerji nakil hatlar\u0131, manyetik rayl\u0131 trenler gibi elektri\u011fin kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 pek\u00e7ok sahada kolayl\u0131klar sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>S\u00fcperiletkenlik baz\u0131 maddelerin \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131klarda elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6sterdikleri diren\u00e7lerini kaybetmesi olay\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin normal bir metale elektrik voltaj\u0131 uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda metalin serbest elektronlar\u0131 elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 bir diren\u00e7 g\u00f6sterirler. Metal,&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[92],"tags":[1675,1674,1673,1672,1671,687],"class_list":["post-3783","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bilim","tag-alex-muller","tag-georg-bednorz","tag-kamerlingh-onnes","tag-superiletkenler","tag-superiletkenlik","tag-supermarket"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3783"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3783"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3783\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6610,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3783\/revisions\/6610"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3783"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3783"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3783"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}