{"id":384,"date":"2016-12-27T22:06:42","date_gmt":"2016-12-27T20:06:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=384"},"modified":"2018-09-28T00:04:33","modified_gmt":"2018-09-27T22:04:33","slug":"bilgisayari-kim-buldu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=384","title":{"rendered":"Bilgisayar\u0131 kim buldu"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bilgisayar\u0131 kim icat etti.\u00a0<\/strong>\u0130lk bilgisayar<\/a>\u0131n abak\u00fcs<\/a> oldu\u011funu iddia edilebilir veya 1622’de William Oughtred taraf\u0131ndan icat edildi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenebilir. Fakat g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn modern bilgisayarlar\u0131na benzeyen ilk makine Fark Makinesi (Difference\u00a0Engine<\/strong>) \u0130ngiliz matematik\u00e7i Charles Babbage<\/strong><\/a> taraf\u0131ndan 1833 – 1871 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda\u00a0tasarland\u0131.\u00a0Daha eskiden “bilgisayar”\u00a0kelimesi b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00fcn oturup, say\u0131lar\u0131 ekleyip \u00e7\u0131kartan ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 tablolara giren insanlar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Difference Engine<\/h2>\n

\u0130lk olarak Fark Motoru (Difference Engine<\/strong>) cihaz\u0131n\u0131 tasarlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Tasar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 basitle\u015ftirmek yerine daha g\u00f6rkemli bir fikir olan Analitik Motor’u tasarlamaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Toplama \u00e7\u0131karma \u00e7arpma b\u00f6lme ve daha da karma\u015f\u0131k hesaplamalar yapabilen yeni bir mekanik bilgisayar t\u00fcr\u00fcyd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Analytical Engine’in temel par\u00e7alar\u0131 bug\u00fcn piyasada sat\u0131lan herhangi bir bilgisayar\u0131n bile\u015fenleri gibiydi. Modern bir bilgisayarda iki temel bile\u015fen vard\u0131r. \u0130\u015flemci birimi veya CPU ve bellek. Babbage, tabii ki, bu terimleri kullanmad\u0131. CPU’yu “mill” olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131. Bellek “store” olarak adland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca, girilen talimatlar\u0131 ka\u011f\u0131da basmak i\u00e7in\u00a0“reader” cihaz\u0131 vard\u0131. Babbage, bu \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f cihaz\u0131 bug\u00fcn kullan\u0131lan m\u00fcrekkep p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtmeli ve lazer yaz\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc olarak bilinmektedir.<\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca \u0130ngiliz matematik\u00e7isi ve yazar olan Ada Lovelace<\/strong>, Charles Babbage’\u0131n mekanik genel ama\u00e7l\u0131 bilgisayar\u0131 Analytical Engine\u00a0\u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Analytical Engine\u00a0ilgili notlar\u0131, bir bilgisayar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmesi ama\u00e7lanan ilk algoritma, ve kendisi de ilk bilgisayar programc\u0131s\u0131 olarak kabul edilir.<\/p>\n

Analog Bilgisayar<\/h2>\n

\u0130lk modern analog bilgisayar, 1872’de Sir William Thomson<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan icat edilen makineydi. Diferansiyel analiz\u00f6r, tekerlek ve disk mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak diferansiyel denklemleri \u00e7\u00f6zmek \u00fczere tasarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 1876’da James Thomson taraf\u0131ndan konsepti yap\u0131ld\u0131<\/p>\n

Mekanik analog bilgisayarlar, H. L. Hazen ve Vannevar Bush’un MIT’de 1927’de yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 diferansiyel analiz\u00f6r<\/strong> ile zirveye ula\u015ft\u0131. 1950’lerde dijital elektronik bilgisayarlar\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 analog bilgisayarlar\u0131n geli\u015fimine son verdi.<\/p>\n

Elektromekanik bilgisayar<\/h2>\n

1938 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde Birle\u015fik Devletler Donanmas\u0131, bir denizalt\u0131nda kullanmak i\u00e7in bir elektromekanik analog bilgisayar geli\u015ftirdi. Torpido Bilgisayar\u0131<\/strong>, hareketli bir hedefe torpido atma sorununu \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in trigonometri kullan\u0131lan ilk bilgisayard\u0131. \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda baz\u0131 \u00fclkeler de benzer cihazlar geli\u015ftirildi.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk say\u0131sal elektromekanik bilgisayarlar; hesaplama yapmak i\u00e7in elektrik anahtarlar\u0131n\u0131 ve mekanik r\u00f6leleri kulland\u0131. Bu cihazlar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma h\u0131z\u0131na sahipti. Sonunda\u00a0vakum t\u00fcpleri kullanan, \u00e7ok daha h\u0131zl\u0131, tamamen elektrikli bilgisayarlara ge\u00e7i\u015f yap\u0131ld\u0131. 1939’da Alman m\u00fchendis Konrad Zuse<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan Z2<\/strong>, elektromekanik r\u00f6le kullan\u0131lan bilgisayar\u0131n en eski \u00f6rneklerinden biriydi.<\/p>\n

Vakum t\u00fcpleri ve dijital elektronik devreler<\/h2>\n

Tamamen elektronik devre elemanlar\u0131 mekanik ve elektromekanik e\u015fde\u011ferlerinin yerini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, ayn\u0131 zamanda analog yerine dijital hesaplama\u00a0d\u00f6nemi ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 1930’lu y\u0131llarda Londra’daki Postanesinde ara\u015ft\u0131rma istasyonunda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan m\u00fchendis Tommy Flowers, 1934 y\u0131l\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131\u00a0deneysel cihaz,\u00a05 y\u0131l sonra, telefon santral a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc binlerce vakum t\u00fcp\u00fcn\u00fc kullanarak elektronik bir veri i\u015fleme sistemine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fc. ABD’de, John Vincent Atanasoff<\/strong> ve Iowa Eyalet \u00dcniversitesi’nden Clifford E. Berry<\/strong> 1942’de ilk “otomatik elektronik dijital bilgisayar” olan Atanasoff Berry Computer’\u0131 (ABC<\/strong>) geli\u015ftirdiler. Bu bilgisayar tamamen elektronikti.<\/p>\n

Colossus ve ENIAC<\/h2>\n

\u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda\u00a0Alman \u015fifreleme makinesi Enigma’n\u0131n mesajlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in\u00a0Colossus tasarland\u0131.\u00a0Colossus, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ilk elektronik dijital programlanabilir bilgisayar\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

ABD’de yap\u0131lan\u00a0ENIAC (Elektronik Say\u0131sal B\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015ftirici ve Bilgisayar) ABD’de ilk elektronik programlanabilir bilgisayar idi. ENIAC Colossus’a benzer olsa da, \u00e7ok daha h\u0131zl\u0131 ve esnekti.<\/p>\n

Turing Makinesi<\/h2>\n

Modern bilgisayar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma prensibi Alan Turing<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan Hesaplanabilir Say\u0131lar\u00a0olarak \u00f6nerildi. Turing, “Evrensel Hesaplama makinesi” dedi\u011fi ve \u015fu anda evrensel bir Turing makinesi olarak bilinen basit bir ayg\u0131t yapt\u0131. B\u00f6yle bir makinenin, teypte saklanan talimatlar\u0131 (program) \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak her \u015feyi hesaplayabilece\u011fini ve makinenin programlanabilir oldu\u011funu\u00a0kan\u0131tlad\u0131. Turing makineleri bilgisayar\u00a0teorisinin merkezidir. S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bellek depolamalar\u0131n\u0131n dayatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, modern bilgisayarlar\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n Turing oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir. Turing makinesi g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz bilgisayarlar\u0131 gibi bir algoritma y\u00fcr\u00fctme kabiliyetine sahipti.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bilgisayar\u0131 kim icat etti.\u00a0\u0130lk bilgisayar\u0131n abak\u00fcs oldu\u011funu iddia edilebilir veya 1622’de William Oughtred taraf\u0131ndan icat edildi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenebilir. Fakat g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn modern bilgisayarlar\u0131na benzeyen ilk makine Fark Makinesi (Difference\u00a0Engine) \u0130ngiliz matematik\u00e7i Charles…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7772,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[2360,258,2358],"class_list":["post-384","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-teknoloji","tag-alan-turing","tag-bilgisayar","tag-charles-babbage"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/384"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=384"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/384\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12024,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/384\/revisions\/12024"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/7772"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=384"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=384"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=384"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}