Bir \u00fclkedeki tar\u0131m ar\u00e2zileri \u00fczerinde,\u00a0m\u00fclkiyet veya kullanma bi\u00e7imiyle ilgili olarak yap\u0131lan planl\u0131 ve programl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiklikler. H\u00fck\u00fcmetler veya\u00a0topluma h\u00e2kim s\u0131n\u0131f ve gruplar taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan toprak reformu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 t\u00e2rihin ilk devirlerinden\u00a0beri olagelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
T\u00e2rihte uygulanan ve bilinen en eski toprak reformu M.\u00d6. 6. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Atina\u2019da yap\u0131ld\u0131. Solon\u2019un
\n\u00f6nderlik etti\u011fi bu reformlar, k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri bor\u00e7lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 ipotek etme ve alacaklar\u0131n hizmetinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma
\nmecburiyeti getiren uygulamaya son verildi. M.\u00d6. 2. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Roma\u2019da Gracchus Karde\u015fler
\n\u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen toprak reformundaysa, soylular s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n elinde bulunan topraklar halka
\nda\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131. Bir ki\u015finin s\u00e2hip olabilece\u011fi toprak m\u00fclkiyetine asgar\u00ee ve \u00e2zam\u00ee s\u0131n\u0131rlar getirildi. Fakat bu
\nuygulama \u00e7ok k\u0131sa zamanda tersine d\u00f6n\u00fcp, tar\u0131m ar\u00e2zileri y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak s\u00e2hiplerinin
\nelinde kald\u0131. Orta\u00e7a\u011f boyunca Avrupa\u2019da h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren Feodalizm (derebeylik) ve kilise h\u00e2kimiyetine
\ndayanan mutlakiyet id\u00e2releri Frans\u0131z ihtil\u00e2liyle y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131rken, serflik (k\u00f6lelik) kurumlar\u0131 da tasfiye edildi.
\nRahiplerin ve \u00fclkeden ka\u00e7an kimselerin topraklar\u0131na el konarak par\u00e7alanan ar\u00e2ziler a\u00e7\u0131k art\u0131rmayla
\nsat\u0131ld\u0131. B\u00f6ylece k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e2ile \u00e7iftlikleri kuruldu.<\/p>\n
\u0130lm\u00ee ve teknolojik geli\u015fmeler neticesinde k\u00f6ylerden b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirlere ak\u0131n olmas\u0131 sebebiyle, di\u011fer Avrupa
\n\u00fclkelerinde toprak reformunun daha sanc\u0131s\u0131z bi\u00e7imde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi sa\u011fland\u0131. \u0130sve\u00e7, Danimarka,
\nAlmanya, \u0130talya gibi Avrupa \u00fclkelerinde 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, \u0130rlanda da ise 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda toprak
\nreformu tamamlanabildi.<\/p>\n
Rusya\u2019da 1861\u2019de \u00c7ar II. Aleksandr\u2019\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir fermanla toprak reformu
\nte\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcnde bulunulduysa da hedeflenen netice elde edilemedi. 1917\u2019de meydana gelen Bol\u015fevik
\nihtil\u00e2li sonras\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn topraklar kollektifle\u015ftirme ad\u0131yla devlet tekeline ge\u00e7ti. Topra\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 insanlar\u0131
\nk\u00f6lele\u015ftiren bu sistem bir\u00e7ok sosyal rahats\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa sebep oldu. Meydana gelen k\u0131tl\u0131klar sebebiyle
\nmilyonlarca insan \u00f6ld\u00fc. Sovyet Rusya\u2019n\u0131n peyki durumunda olan ve sosyalist sistemi benimseyen
\n\u00fclkelerde yap\u0131lan toprak reformu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 da bir\u00e7ok huzursuzluklara sebep oldu.<\/p>\n
Meksika\u2019da yap\u0131lan toprak reformu beklenen neticeyi verdiyse de bir\u00e7ok Latin Amerika \u00fclkesindeyse
\nistikrars\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa ve d\u0131\u015f m\u00fcd\u00e2halelere yol a\u00e7t\u0131. 1952 senesinde M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da geni\u015f \u00e7apta ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen toprak
\nreformu, san\u00e2yinin azgeli\u015fmi\u015fli\u011fi sebebiyle ekonomik y\u00f6nden fazla fayda sa\u011flamad\u0131. Di\u011fer Kuzey
\nAfrika ve Ortado\u011fu \u00fclkelerinin \u00e7o\u011funda da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k hareketleri veya ihtilallerden sonra toprak
\nreformlar\u0131 uyguland\u0131. Etiyopya ve Mozambik k\u00f6kl\u00fc toprak reformlar\u0131na giri\u015ftiler. Bu \u00fclkelerde topra\u011f\u0131n
\nm\u00fclkiyeti devlet tekeline al\u0131n\u0131rken topra\u011f\u0131 i\u015fleyenlerle onlar\u0131n miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n tasarruf hakk\u0131 teminata
\nba\u011fland\u0131. \u00c7in\u2019de kom\u00fcnist id\u00e2renin h\u00e2kim olmas\u0131ndan sonra toprak reformu yap\u0131ld\u0131<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Bir \u00fclkedeki tar\u0131m ar\u00e2zileri \u00fczerinde,\u00a0m\u00fclkiyet veya kullanma bi\u00e7imiyle ilgili olarak yap\u0131lan planl\u0131 ve programl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiklikler. H\u00fck\u00fcmetler veya\u00a0topluma h\u00e2kim s\u0131n\u0131f ve gruplar taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan toprak reformu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 t\u00e2rihin ilk devirlerinden\u00a0beri olagelmi\u015ftir….<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[88,22],"tags":[2125],"class_list":["post-4076","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tarim","category-toplum","tag-toprak-reformu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4076"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4076"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4076\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7637,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4076\/revisions\/7637"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4076"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4076"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4076"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}