{"id":4086,"date":"2012-12-04T03:03:40","date_gmt":"2012-12-04T01:03:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=4086"},"modified":"2017-01-06T19:15:43","modified_gmt":"2017-01-06T17:15:43","slug":"transistor","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=4086","title":{"rendered":"Transist\u00f6r\u00fc bulan kim"},"content":{"rendered":"

Transist\u00f6r\u00fc kim icat etti.<\/strong> Transist\u00f6r elektriki titre\u015fimler meydana getirebilen, elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fckselten, dedeksiyon ve mod\u00fclasyon yapabilen um\u00fbmiyetle kristalli triyot denilen, yar\u0131 iletken malzemeden m\u00e2mul elektronik devre eleman\u0131. Bir elektron t\u00fcp\u00fcn\u00fcn yapabildi\u011fi b\u00fct\u00fcn i\u015flemleri gecikmesiz olarak yapar.<\/p>\n

Nokta temasl\u0131 ilk n\u00fcmuneler bir germanyum kristalinin y\u00fczeyine birbirine \u00e7ok yak\u0131n iki m\u00e2den\u00ee u\u00e7 koyarak elde edilmi\u015ftir. \u00c7ok az g\u00fc\u00e7te ve kararl\u0131 olmayan bu ilkel model, yerini b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcny\u00e2n\u0131n tercih etti\u011fi y\u00fczey temasl\u0131 transist\u00f6re b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00e2z\u0131 modellerinin bir kibrit ba\u015f\u0131ndan daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck oldu\u011fu bu transist\u00f6rlerin hacmi ve a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok azd\u0131r. 1,5 voltluk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir potansiyel fark\u0131, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yeterlidir. Enerji verimi y\u00fcksektir. Halbuki t\u00fcplerde besleme g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 katot t\u00fcplerini \u0131s\u0131tmada kullan\u0131l\u0131r. G\u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fckseltici olarak \u00eem\u00e2l edilenlerin h\u00e2ricindeki transist\u00f6rler \u0131s\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, en s\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131k montajlar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmede zorluk \u00e7\u0131karmaz. Bir t\u00fcp ancak belirli \u0131s\u0131nma s\u00fcresi ge\u00e7ti\u011fi zaman \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Transist\u00f6r ise, gerilim uygulan\u0131nca \u00e2n\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. \u015eartn\u00e2meye uygun kullan\u0131l\u0131rsa 100.000 saatlik \u00f6mr\u00fc olur. Halbuki t\u00fcpler 2000 saatten sonra verimli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmazlar. Teorik olarak transist\u00f6rlerin \u00f6mr\u00fc sonsuzdur.<\/p>\n

Yar\u0131 iletkenden yap\u0131lan transist\u00f6r \u00fc\u00e7 katl\u0131 aktif bir elektronik devre eleman\u0131d\u0131r. Aktif burada, s\u00e2dece g\u00fc\u00e7 harcayan de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda bir kazan\u00e7 sa\u011flayan demektir. Yar\u0131 iletken maddeler iki tiptir: (N) tipi, (P) tipi, (N) tipi yar\u0131 iletkende elektron fazlal\u0131\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131r ve bunlar yar\u0131 iletken i\u00e7inde ak\u0131m ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rev yapar. (P) tipi yar\u0131 iletkende ise elektron noksanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131r ve bunlara \u201coyuk\u201d denir. (P) tipi yar\u0131 iletkende ak\u0131m ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 oyuklard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Transist\u00f6rler ak\u0131m kontrol eleman\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131rlar. Yap\u0131lar\u0131na g\u00f6re transist\u00f6rler iki tiptir. PNP ve NPN transist\u00f6rler. Ayn\u0131 tip iki yar\u0131 iletkenin ortas\u0131na farkl\u0131 bir yar\u0131 iletken konarak elde edilirler. Ortadaki bu yar\u0131 iletken \u00e7ok incedir ve ak\u0131m kontrol eleman\u0131 olarak i\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Transist\u00f6r\u00fcn baz, emit\u00f6r ve kollekt\u00f6r olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 (ayak) vard\u0131r. Baz-emiter aras\u0131na do\u011fru gerilim (polarma) emiter-kollekt\u00f6r aras\u0131na da ters gerilim uygulan\u0131r. Uygulanan bu gerilimler, transist\u00f6r\u00fcn i\u00e7inde \u015fu olaylar\u0131 meydana getirir. Emiterle baz\u0131n birle\u015fme (Jonksiyon) yerlerinde P tipi maddede bulunan oyuklar N tipi maddede bulunan elektronlarla birle\u015ferek, n\u00f6t\u00fcr b\u00f6lgeyi meydana getirir. N\u00f6t\u00fcr b\u00f6lge yal\u0131tkand\u0131r ve elektronlarla, oyuklar\u0131n tam\u00e2men birle\u015fmesini \u00f6nler. Ayn\u0131 zamanda kollekt\u00f6rle baz aras\u0131ndaki birle\u015fme y\u00fczeyinde de ayn\u0131 olay meydana gelir. Emiter-baz aras\u0131na uygulanan do\u011fru polarma n\u00f6t\u00fcr b\u00f6lgeyi daralt\u0131r. \u015e\u00f6yle ki, baza ba\u011fl\u0131 olan bataryan\u0131n pozitif ucu bazdaki oyuklar\u0131 emitere ba\u011fl\u0131 olan negatif ucu da emiterdeki elektronlar\u0131 birle\u015fme y\u00fczeyine iter. Belirli bir gerilimden sonra n\u00f6t\u00fcr b\u00f6lge ortadan kalkarak N\u2019den P\u2019ye do\u011fru elektron ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flar. Bataryan\u0131n pozitif ucu, bu elektronlar\u0131 \u00e7ekerken negatif ucu da elektron yayar. B\u00f6ylece emiterden baza do\u011fru bir elektron ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Kollekt\u00f6re uygulanan pozitif gerilim kollekt\u00f6rde bulunan elektronlar\u0131 kendine \u00e7eker. Ayr\u0131ca emiterden gelen ve baz-emiter aras\u0131ndaki n\u00f6tr\u00a0b\u00f6lgeyi ge\u00e7en elektronlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu kollekt\u00f6r-baz aras\u0131ndaki birle\u015fme y\u00fczeyine ula\u015f\u0131rlar. (\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc baz birka\u00e7 mikron kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndad\u0131r ve elektronlar\u0131n \u00e7ok az\u0131 buradaki oyuklarla birle\u015febilirler.)<\/p>\n

Kollekt\u00f6r\u00fcn \u00e7ekme kuvveti ve emiterin itme kuvvetiyle emiterden gelen elektronlar n\u00f6t\u00fcr b\u00f6lgeyi a\u015farak emiterden kollekt\u00f6re do\u011fru bir elektron ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f olur. Baza uygulanan gerilimin de\u011ferine g\u00f6re, emiterden kollekt\u00f6re do\u011fru olan elektron ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 kontrol edilebilir. Baza negatif bir gerilim uygulan\u0131rsa (PNP transist\u00f6r i\u00e7in pozitif), kollekt\u00f6r emiter aras\u0131 tam\u00e2men yal\u0131tkan olur. (P ve N tipi maddede bulunan yabanc\u0131 maddelerin meydana getirdikleri ka\u00e7ak ak\u0131m \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olup normal elektron ak\u0131\u015f\u0131na terstir.) PNP tipi transist\u00f6rdeyse ak\u0131m y\u00f6nleri ve bataryan\u0131n kutuplar\u0131 terstir.<\/p>\n

Transist\u00f6rler yap\u0131m tekniklerine g\u00f6re ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r: a) Nokta de\u011fmeli transist\u00f6rler, b) Y\u00fczey de\u011fmeli
\ntransist\u00f6rler.<\/p>\n

\u00cem\u00e2l\u00e2t \u015fekline g\u00f6re de be\u015fe ayr\u0131l\u0131rlar:<\/h3>\n

a) Ala\u015f\u0131m transist\u00f6rler, b) Dif\u00fczyon transist\u00f6rler, c) Mesa transist\u00f6rler, d) Plan\u00f6r transist\u00f6rler, e)
\nEpitaksiyel transist\u00f6rler.<\/p>\n

Kullan\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 yere g\u00f6re \u00fc\u00e7e ayr\u0131l\u0131rlar:<\/h3>\n

a) Al\u00e7ak frekans transist\u00f6rleri, b) Y\u00fcksek frekans transist\u00f6rleri, c) G\u00fc\u00e7 transist\u00f6rleri.
\nBa\u011flan\u0131\u015f \u015fekillerine g\u00f6re de \u00fc\u00e7e ayr\u0131l\u0131rlar: a) Baz\u0131 ortak ba\u011fl\u0131 trans\u00f6sterler, b) Emiteri ortak ba\u011fl\u0131
\ntransist\u00f6rler, c) Kollekt\u00f6r\u00fc ortak ba\u011fl\u0131 transist\u00f6rler.<\/p>\n

Transist\u00f6rlerin en b\u00fcy\u00fck avantaj\u0131 \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck yap\u0131labilmesi, \u0131s\u0131 kayb\u0131n\u0131n az olu\u015fu, mekanik sars\u0131nt\u0131 ve
\ndarbelere dayan\u0131kl\u0131 olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Mahzuru ise \u0131s\u0131ya dayan\u0131kl\u0131 de\u011fillerdir, y\u00fcksek g\u00fc\u00e7 ve frekanslarda
\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015famazlar (lambalara g\u00f6re). Son zamanlarda g\u00fc\u00e7leri 10 kilowatt\u2019a kadar \u00e7\u0131kan transist\u00f6rler
\nyap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Transist\u00f6rler en \u00e7ok y\u00fckselte\u00e7 olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131rlar ve giri\u015flerine uygulanan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck de\u011ferdeki
\nses, resim ve benzeri elektrik\u00ee i\u015f\u00e2retlerini istenilen seviyeye kadar y\u00fckseltirler. End\u00fcstride anahtar
\nolarak \u00e7e\u015fitli devreleri a\u00e7\u0131p kapamada motorlara yol verme ve h\u0131z ayarlamalar\u0131nda \u00e7ok geni\u015f olarak
\nkullan\u0131l\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Transist\u00f6r\u00fc kim icat etti. Transist\u00f6r elektriki titre\u015fimler meydana getirebilen, elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fckselten, dedeksiyon ve mod\u00fclasyon yapabilen um\u00fbmiyetle kristalli triyot denilen, yar\u0131 iletken malzemeden m\u00e2mul elektronik devre eleman\u0131. Bir elektron t\u00fcp\u00fcn\u00fcn…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[75],"class_list":["post-4086","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-teknoloji","tag-transistor"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4086"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4086"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4086\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8096,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4086\/revisions\/8096"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4086"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4086"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4086"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}