Yatay do\u011frultuda yer alt\u0131ndan veya nehir alt\u0131ndan ge\u00e7i\u015f\u00a0sa\u011flayan \u00fcst\u00fc kapal\u0131 mukavim ge\u00e7it, yol. T\u00fcnel, m\u00e2den \u00e7\u0131karmak maksad\u0131yle kaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, \u015fehirle\u015fme\u00a0ilerledik\u00e7e su yollar\u0131, giri\u015f \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yollar\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcneller kale duvarlar\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0u\u00e7urulmas\u0131 ve kale i\u00e7lerine girilmek \u00fczere asker\u00ee maksatla da kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
End\u00fcstrinin ve tic\u00e2retin artmas\u0131yle da\u011flara, nehir altlar\u0131na hatta bo\u011faz \u015feklindeki deniz diplerine yollar\u0131
\nk\u0131saltmak maksad\u0131yla hem karayolu hem de demiryolu ge\u00e7itleri olarak bir\u00e7ok t\u00fcnel in\u015f\u00e2 edilmi\u015ftir. \u015eehir
\nn\u00fcfuslar\u0131 artt\u0131k\u00e7a yolcu ve e\u015fy\u00e2 ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n getirdi\u011fi g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckler \u015fehirler alt\u0131na metro ismi verilen
\nt\u00fcneller kaz\u0131lmas\u0131yla hafifletilmi\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n
Hidroelektrik santrallar\u0131, \u015fehirlerin kanalizasyon, hava gaz\u0131, su borular\u0131 ile elektrik enerji kablolar\u0131n\u0131n
\nd\u00f6\u015fenmesiyle ilgili ihtiya\u00e7lar artt\u0131k\u00e7a t\u00fcnel yap\u0131m\u0131 da artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcnel \u015feklinde yap\u0131lan ge\u00e7itlerin
\n\u015fehirlerde trafik problemlerini, hava kirlili\u011fi, g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fc, hayvan ve bitkilere zararlar\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve
\niyi bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131nak oldu\u011fu muhakkakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
M.\u00d6. 2100 senelerinde B\u00e2bil\u2019de yer alt\u0131nda bir bin\u00e2y\u0131 di\u011ferine ba\u011flayan t\u00fcneller yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00e2billilerin
\nt\u00fcneller kazarak F\u0131rat Nehrinin yata\u011f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirdikleri t\u00e2rihlerde yaz\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. F\u0131rat Nehri yata\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda
\n4,6×3,6 metre geni\u015fli\u011finde \u00fcst\u00fc biriketle \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc ge\u00e7it t\u00fcnel yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. T\u00fcnel yapma tekni\u011fi eski
\nM\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar zam\u00e2n\u0131nda \u00e7ok ileri gitmi\u015fti. Sert kayalar testere ve matkaplarla kesilmek ve delinmek
\ns\u00fbretiyle par\u00e7alan\u0131yordu. Romal\u0131lar kayalar\u0131 par\u00e7alamak i\u00e7in ate\u015f yakma metodunu kullan\u0131yorlard\u0131.
\nT\u00fcnel a\u00e7mada barutla patlatma metodu 1600\u2019lerde tatbikata konuldu. Alfred Nobel\u2019in 1867 senesinde
\ndinamiti ke\u015ffetmesiyle barut, yerini dinamite b\u0131rakt\u0131.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcnelin tatbik sahas\u0131 en \u00e7ok demiryollar\u0131, karayollar\u0131, barajlardan ar\u00e2zi ve \u015fehirlere su kanallar\u0131,
\nkanalizasyon (Bkz. Kanalizasyon) ve metrolard\u0131r. D\u00fcny\u00e2n\u0131n en uzun demiryolu t\u00fcneli 1980 senesinde
\nJaponya\u2019da yap\u0131l\u0131p i\u015fletmeye a\u00e7\u0131lan 54.100 metre uzunlu\u011fundaki Seikan T\u00fcnelidir.<\/p>\n
D\u00fcny\u00e2n\u0131n en uzun\u00a0karayolu t\u00fcneliyse \u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019de 1978 senesinde i\u015fletmeye a\u00e7\u0131lan 16.400 m uzunlu\u011fundaki Alp Da\u011flar\u0131nda\u00a0yer alan St. Gothard T\u00fcnelidir. 1993 y\u0131l\u0131 sonlar\u0131nda k\u0131smen bitirilen Man\u015f T\u00fcneliyse 37,9 km deniz\u00a0alt\u0131nda olmak \u00fczere toplam 50,5 km\u2019dir. Alp Da\u011flar\u0131nda \u0130talya\u2019y\u0131 Fransa\u2019ya ba\u011flayan di\u011fer iki uzun
\nt\u00fcnel 1965 senesinde a\u00e7\u0131lan ve 11.700 m uzunlu\u011fundaki Mont Blanc ve 1978 senesinde a\u00e7\u0131lan ve
\n12.700 m uzunlu\u011fundaki Frejus T\u00fcnelleridir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki en uzun t\u00fcnel Adana Ayranc\u0131 T\u00fcneli olup, 5
\nkm\u2019dir. Karayolu t\u00fcneli olarak da 1600 metre uzunlu\u011fundaki Zigana Ge\u00e7idi vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Yatay do\u011frultuda yer alt\u0131ndan veya nehir alt\u0131ndan ge\u00e7i\u015f\u00a0sa\u011flayan \u00fcst\u00fc kapal\u0131 mukavim ge\u00e7it, yol. T\u00fcnel, m\u00e2den \u00e7\u0131karmak maksad\u0131yle kaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, \u015fehirle\u015fme\u00a0ilerledik\u00e7e su yollar\u0131, giri\u015f \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yollar\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcneller kale duvarlar\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0u\u00e7urulmas\u0131…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[2119],"class_list":["post-4094","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-gezi","tag-tunel"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4094"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4094"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4094\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7201,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4094\/revisions\/7201"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4094"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4094"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4094"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}